science, the endless frontier citation

During the nineteenth century the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Naval Observatory, the Department of Agriculture, and the Geological Survey were established. Diabetes has been brought under control by insulin, pernicious anemia by liver extracts; and the once widespread deficiency diseases have been much reduced, even in the lowest income groups, by accessory food factors and improvement of diet. In addition, a detailed study, with recommendations concerning the extent to which modifications should be made in our patent laws is currently being made under the leadership of the Secretary of Commerce. We think it very important that every boy and girl shall know that, if he shows that he has what it takes, the sky is the limit. "Robert Cook-Deegan, Arizona State University, "With this visionary report, Science: The Endless Frontier, Vannevar Bush transformed US research policy and set our nation on a path of economic expansion and world scientific leadership. 3. We have no national policy for science. Available as Many of the lessons learned in the war-time application of science under Government can be profitably applied in peace. It's one thing to have equations describing the way a single molecule of water behaves. It is estimated that an adequate program for Federal support of basic research in the colleges, universities, and research institutes and for financing important applied research in the public interest, will cost about 10 million dollars at the outset and may rise to about 50 million dollars annually when fully underway at the end of perhaps 5 years. To date, with the exception of the intensive war research conducted by the Office of Scientific Research and Development, such support has been meager and intermittent. * * * So in the last analysis, the future of science in this country will be determined by our basic educational policy.". 4. In order to accomplish the purposes of the Foundation the Members should establish several professional Divisions to be responsible to the Members. As a temporary measure the National Academy of Sciences has established the Research Board for National Security at the request of the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. In the case of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, arrangements have been made for the preparation of manuscripts, while the staffs under our control are still assembled and in possession of the records, as soon as the pressure for production of results for this war has begun to relax. But without scientific progress no amount of achievement in other directions can insure our health, prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world. To adopt, promulgate, amend, and rescind rules and regulations to carry out the provisions of the legislation and the policies and practices of the Foundation. Clearly the program should grow in a healthy manner from modest beginnings. Today, it is truer than ever that basic research is the pacemaker of technological progress. The deficit of those holding advanced degrees -- that is, young scholars trained to the point where they are capable of carrying on original work -- has been estimated as amounting to about 17,000 by 1955 in chemistry, engineering, geology, mathematics, physics, psychology, and the biological sciences. It opened the seas to clipper ships and furnished land for pioneers. Princeton Asia (Beijing) Consulting Co., Ltd. research is the exploration of the unknown and is necessarily speculative. To serve effectively as the centers of basic research these institutions must be strong and healthy. Compra Science, the endless frontier: A report to the President by Vannevar Bush, director of the Office of scientific research and development. All of the committees advising on these matters agree on the necessity for such an agency. . Horgan is a prolific author and columnist for Scientific American, whose interview subjects included a list of scientists who might be seen as the most disruptive crew of the last three . - The National Research Foundation should develop and promote a national policy for scientific research and scientific education, should support basic research in nonprofit organizations, should develop scientific talent in American youth by means of scholarships and fellowships, and should by contract and otherwise support long-range research on military matters. Penicillin reached our troops in time to save countless lives because the Government coordinated and supported the program of research and development on the drug. But to achieve these objectives -- to secure a high level of employment, to maintain a position of world leadership -- the flow of new scientific knowledge must be both continuous and substantial. Science and the great practical genius of this nation made this achievement possible. (4) Support of basic research in the public and private colleges, universities, and research institutes must leave the internal control of policy, personnel, and the method and scope of the research to the institutions themselves. The amount which can be effectively spent in the first year should not exceed 5 million dollars. Second are the infectious diseases, and third is cancer. The form of the organization suggested is the result of considerable deliberation. Clearly, the new agency, including a civilian military research group within it, can remain sufficiently flexible to adapt its operations to whatever may be the final organization of the military departments. The Armed Services cannot be expected to be experts in all of the complicated fields which make it possible for a great nation to fight successfully in total war. Science: The endless frontier. It is also clear that the effective discharge of these responsibilities will require the full attention of some over-all agency devoted to that purpose. The chief executive officer of the Foundation should be a director appointed by the Members. Both the Bush and the Holt essays are well worth a read. "John Holdren, Harvard University and former chief science advisor to President Obama, "With the reissue of Science, the Endless Frontier, I am once more struck by the majesty of Vannevar Bushs vision for the role of science. These reasons apply with particular force to science: the road is long and expensive; it extends at least 6 years beyond high school; the percentage of science students who can obtain first-rate training in institutions near home is small. We think as we think because we are not interested in setting up an elect. 1) The Bush report focused on basic science and university-trained scientific manpower, while ignoring or downplaying applied research and development. Functions. In the future we must pay increased attention to discovering this knowledge for ourselves particularly since the scientific applications of the future will be more than ever dependent upon such basic knowledge. Industry will fully rise to the challenge of applying new knowledge to new products. United Kingdom It cannot be satisfactorily conducted in an atmosphere where it is gauged and tested by operating or production standards. We have a serious deficit in scientific personnel partly because the men who would have studied science in the colleges and universities have been serving in the Armed Forces. One lesson is clear from the reports of the several committees attached as appendices. The possibility of an endless frontier is a consequence of an idea known as emergence. There is one other matter which requires special mention. The decision that there should be a new and independent agency was reached by each of the committees advising in these matters. . IV. The Government has only begun to utilize science in the nation's welfare. Many of the most important discoveries have come as a result of experiments undertaken with very different purposes in mind. These issues are more urgent than ever. V-2 was countered only by the capture of the launching sites. Science, the endless frontier : A report to the President V. Bush Published 15 September 2011 Engineering, Political Science View via Publisher biodiversitylibrary.org Save to Library Create Alert Cite 1,016 Citations Citation Type More Filters Bridging knowledge to commercialization: the good, the bad, and the challenging T. Baycan, R. Stough A report to the President by United States. But we must proceed with caution in carrying over the methods which work in wartime to the very different conditions of peace. Bushs vision set the course for US science policy for more than half a century, building the worlds most productive scientific enterprise. It should not operate any laboratories of its own. The establishment of the new agency, including a civilian military research group, should not be delayed by the existence of the Research Board for National Security, which is a temporary measure. Publicly and privately supported colleges and universities and the endowed research institutes must furnish both the new scientific knowledge and the trained research workers. There are areas of science in which the public interest is acute but which are likely to be cultivated inadequately if left without more support than will come from private sources. Almost all Government scientific work has ultimate practical objectives but, in many fields of broad national concern, it commonly involves long-term investigation of a fundamental nature. Where clinical investigations of the human body are required, the medical schools are in a unique position, because of their close relationship to teaching hospitals, to integrate such investigations with the work of the departments of preclinical science, and to impart new knowledge to physicians in training. We could not suggest to you a program which would syphon into science and technology a disproportionately large share of the nation's highest abilities, without doing harm to the nation, nor, indeed, without crippling science. Use code FLASH at checkout. There is thus an accumulating deficit of trained research personnel which will continue for many years. All of these factors are of great importance in the development of new knowledge, since much of new knowledge is certain to arouse opposition because of its tendency to challenge current beliefs or practice. They are the wellsprings of knowledge and understanding. Periodic review of the quality of research being conducted under the auspices of the particular Division and revision of the program of support of research. We cannot again rely on our allies to hold off the enemy while we struggle to catch up. It should be drafted with great care. There should be no obligation on the research institution to patent discoveries made as a result of support from the Foundation. It would be folly to set up a program under which research in the natural sciences and medicine was expanded at the cost of the social sciences, humanities, and other studies so essential to national well-being. Among the young men and women qualified to take up scientific work, since 1940 there have been few students over 18, except some in medicine and engineering in Army and Navy programs and a few 4-F's, who have followed an integrated scientific course of studies. Each Division of the Foundation should be made up of at least five members, appointed by the Members of the Foundation. . Citation Type. There are talented individuals in every segment of the population, but with few exceptions those without the means of buying higher education go without it. The extent and nature of these new responsibilities are set forth in detail in the reports of the committees whose recommendations in this regard are fully endorsed. COUPON: RENT Science, the Endless Frontier 1st edition by Bush eBook (9780691201658) and save up to 80% on online textbooks at Chegg.com now! But nowhere in the Governmental structure receiving its funds from Congress is there an agency adapted to supplementing the support of basic research in the universities, both in medicine and the natural sciences; adapted to supporting research on new weapons for both Services; or adapted to administering a program of science scholarships and fellowships. Government initiative, support, and coordination can be very effective in this development phase. To promote the dissemination of scientific and technical information and to further its international exchange. In achieving these results, the Government has provided over-all coordination and support; it has not dictated how the work should be done within any cooperating institution. There must be plenty of men and women trained in science and technology for upon them depend both the creation of new knowledge and its application to practical purposes. How will we find ways to make better products at lower cost? The terms of the Members should be, say, 4 years, and no Member should be eligible for immediate reappointment provided he has served a full 4-year term. It can be effective in the national welfare only as a member of a team, whether the conditions be peace or war. The deficit of science and technology students who, but for the war, would have received bachelor's degrees is about 150,000. Policy for the Endless Frontier: "Origins and Ambitions of the CHIPS and Science Act". Science, the endless frontier; a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research. - 1. In making such appointments the Members should request and consider recommendations from the National Academy of Sciences which should be asked to establish a new National Research Foundation nominating committee in order to bring together the recommendations of scientists in all organizations. There have been numerous cases of independent discovery of the same truth in different places. The search for better anti-malarials, which proceeded at a moderate tempo for many years, has been accelerated enormously by Government support during the war. This is particularly so since the measure of a successful research contract lies not in the dollar cost but in the qualitative and quantitative contribution which is made to our knowledge. Science, the Endless Frontier: A Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research Vannevar Bush Normal Science Foundation, 1945 - 220 pages 0 Reviews Reviews aren't. We have been directing the energies of our scientists to the development of weapons and materials and methods, on a large number of relatively narrow projects initiated and controlled by the Office of Scientific Research and Development and other Government agencies. They must attract our best scientists as teachers and investigators. To meet and function at any place within the United States, its territories and possessions. While expenditures for scientific research in the colleges and universities increased by one-half during this period, those for the endowed research institutes have slowly declined. In the past we have devoted much of our best efforts to the application of such knowledge which has been discovered abroad. Description One of the most important reports in science policy, (commonly known as the Bush report), and intended to be a blueprint for a new era of scienceand of government in sciencefollowing the transformational experience of World War II and its technological culmination in the detonation of two atomic bombs over Japan. Expenditures for scientific research by industry and Government -- almost entirely applied research -- have more than doubled between 1930 and 1940. It is my view that most of the remainder of the classified scientific material should be released as soon as there is ground for belief that the enemy will not be able to turn it against us in this war. Expenditures for research in the colleges, universities, and research institutes will otherwise not be able to meet the additional demands of increased public need for research. This is our present position despite the fact that in the last three decades notable progress has been made in civilian medicine. To obtain and utilize the services of other Government agencies to the extent that such agencies are prepared to render such services. The public interest will normally be adequately protected if the Government receives a royalty-free license for governmental purposes under any patents resulting from work financed by the Foundation. FLASH SALE -Enjoy 70% off this weeks featured collection. Recommendation of appropriate arrangements between the Foundation and the organizations selected to carry on the program. Science, the Endless Frontier 1945 Washington, D. C. Government Printing Office 184 A Report to the President. The Congress is now considering legislation to provide funds for this Board by direct appropriation. Each year under this program 6,000 undergraduate scholarships would be made available to high school graduates, and 300 graduate fellowships would be offered to college graduates. For even if we should start now to train the current crop of high school graduates, it would be 1951 before they would complete graduate studies and be prepared for effective scientific research. The division Members should be appointed for such terms as the Members of the Foundation may determine, and may be reappointed at the discretion of the Members. Now elevated and updated by the brilliant writing of former congressman Rush Holt, an unmatched champion for the advancement of science, this book is a forceful declaration of the value of science for our democracy and a ringing call to action for policymakers and the American people alike. These are the best estimates available. Division of National Defense. Such expansion should be directed to fields of inquiry and service which are of public importance and are not adequately carried on by private organizations. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and governments responsibility to support scientific endeavors. Nature of the Problem. Science: The Endless Frontier, sowing seeds for the innovation and technology-driven productivity gains that propelled the United States to global economic and geopolitical leadership, generated unprecedented wealth for Americans, and drove social progress. 4. Therefore a professional partnership between the officers in the Services and civilian scientists is needed. Security Restrictions Should Be Lifted Promptly. These institutions are uniquely qualified by tradition and by their special characteristics to carry on basic research. July 1945 Creator United States, Office of Scientific Research and Development Contributor Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974 Language eng Work Publication Washington, National Science Foundation, 1960 Extent - It should be the function of this Division to support and to supervise the grant of scholarships and fellowships in science. Like him, we need to be informed by history, not hamstrung by it. Some of us know the vital role which radar has played in bringing the United Nations to victory over Nazi Germany and in driving the Japanese steadily back from their island bastions. Nor should the creation of the new agency be delayed by uncertainties in regard to the postwar organization of our military departments themselves. The function of such a civilian group would be primarily to conduct long-range scientific research on military problems - leaving to the Services research on the improvement of existing weapons. This is the American way; this is the way the United States has become what it is. As President Roosevelt observed, the annual deaths from one or two diseases are far in excess of the total number of American lives lost in battle during this war. China In my opinion, however, we have drawn too heavily for nonscientific purposes upon the great natural resource which resides in our trained young scientists and engineers. These groups should remain where they are, and continue to perform their present functions, including the support of agricultural research by grants to the Land Grant Colleges and Experiment Stations, since their largest contribution lies in applying fundamental knowledge to the special problems of the Departments within which they are established. An edition of Science, the endless frontier (1945) Science, the endless frontier. This point has been well stated by the Moe Committee as follows: "As citizens, as good citizens, we therefore think that we must have in mind while examining the question before us -- the discovery and development of scientific talent -- the needs of the whole national welfare. The Government would be well advised to invest the money involved in this plan even if the benefits to the nation were thought of solely -- which they are not -- in terms of national preparedness. (2) The agency to administer such funds should be composed of citizens selected only on the basis of their interest in and capacity to promote the work of the agency. We should get this scientific material to scientists everywhere with great promptness, and at as low a price as is consistent with suitable format. The traditional sources of support for medical research, largely endowment income, foundation grants, and private donations, are diminishing, and there is no immediate prospect of a change in this trend. 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Caution in carrying over the methods which work in wartime to the Members establish... Describing the way a single molecule of water behaves v-2 was countered only the.

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