robert gilruth and katherine johnson

If you notice a problem with the translation, please send a message to [emailprotected] and include a link to the page and details about the problem. They were assigned a separate office including Johnson, who was placed in the mostly white and male Flight Research Division dining facilities, and bathrooms in order to keep them separate from the white employees. Aug. 17 marks 20 years since the passing of Robert R. Gilruth, a major driving force behind NASA's successes in its early years, including the first landing on the Moon in 1969. to the Moon and significantly increased the chances of achieving President I still remembered mine. Bringing her particular knowledge to the table, she was kept on at the division where she would soon make history. But soon after she married chemistry teacher James Francis Goble in 1939, she became Katherine Goble and became pregnant. Nevertheless, Katherine Johnson and her African-American colleagues were treated differently. Which memorial do you think is a duplicate of Robert Johnson (236152563)? outgrew its facilities at Langley. him as MSC director. Your Scrapbook is currently empty. Previously sponsored memorials or famous memorials will not have this option. Why do we need these fictions? She did, however, mostly work with a NASA engineer named Ted Skopinski early on in her employment at the agency. In 1945, he organized an engineering team to investigate rocket-powered aircraft. Apparently, this was the attitude of some white women working in management during segregation. 'Bob,' Webb replied, 'what the hell has Senator Harry Byrd ever done for you or NASA?' Even though the film was based on a true story, the dramatics needed came with the creation of a few fictional characters. This eager young counter quickly proved to be a brilliant student at school. Middle: Gilruth But in the film, it appears as though only a handful of characters were responsible. May 1958. In 1949, she became the first Black supervisor (perNASA) and joined the small number of women in supervising positions. Your account has been locked for 30 minutes due to too many failed sign in attempts. Following the historic Missouri ex rel. Mary Jackson (Janelle Monae) has not yet started the classes that will make her the first black female engineer at NASA (although in reality, she got there in 1958). Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, now NASAs Johnson Space Center, he not managers following the successful splashdown of Apollo 8 in December 1968. We have set your language to "If the film was a documentary, many of the events would have been spread out over the late 1940s through the early 1960s," says Barry. Main Characters From Hidden Figures That Didn't Exist In Real Life. NASAJohnsons complex calculations were instrumental in many of NASAs successful space missions, including the 1969 moon landing. He was inducted as a member of the inaugural class to the International Space Hall of Fame in 1976. In Hidden Figures, only after her superior Al Harrison (played by Kevin Costner) lets her use the nearby white facilities does she stop running around looking for a bathroom. Were sorry, this feature is currently unavailable. as JSC director (left to right) Aaron Cohen (1986-1993), Gerald D. Griffin [4] This would go on to become the standard operating procedure. during a visit to Star City in October 1970. According to NASA, there was no man named Al Harrison who directed that division. Robert R. Gilruth is an Engineer, zodiac sign: Libra. NASAAs a black female scientist, Katherine Johnson broke through overwhelming race and gender barriers in order to succeed. (1982-1986), and Christopher C. Kraft (1972-1982). in June, it took over as the nerve center of American human spaceflights a M. Low at NASA Headquarters, Gilruth remained in Houston. As a black female scientist in a white mans world, Johnson worked tirelessly and often thanklessly to make calculations that put some of historys first astronauts into space while facing bigotry from all sides. 1. As head of the Space Task Group, responsible for the Mercury project, Mr. Gilruth worked with 34 other engineers and flight directors at Langley. Katherine Johnson began her work at NACA in 1953 in Langley's West Area Computing unit, to which the black women mathematicians were relegated. The film also shows Harrisons character breaking the rules to allow Johnson inside the men-only briefings. It's unclear which of the five men Stafford's character is mostly based on, but his character's attitude and interaction with Johnson emphasizes that the white male engineers she worked with weren't always welcoming. We spoke to NASA's chief historian to learn more about the remarkable true story of these pioneering mathematicians, engineers and computer scientists, and to explore how the film dramatises their struggles. Failing to find work after graduating cum laude with a double degree in mathematics and French in 1937, Johnson took a job as a school teacher. Claytor had to design special classes specifically for her in order to keep her mind satiated with math. Until this point, no set of guidelines for pilots and aircraft designers existed.[3]. I suspect that many of the film's biggest moments never happened, or not the way they do here, which makes the movie almost worthless as history. Her male colleagues confronted by the absurdity of the non-rule let her in. Please ensure you have given Find a Grave permission to access your location in your browser settings. In fact, she published more than two dozen technical papers and was among the first women at the agency to ever co-author a report. He was the husband of the late Constance Katherine Johnson, who was called home on 2/17/21. There are no volunteers for this cemetery. He graduated in 1931 from Duluth Central High School. Finally, in 2016, African-American writer Margot Lee Shetterly published Hidden Figures, which recognized the work of the black women computers behind NASAs accomplishments during the 1950s and 1960s. Stafford didn't exist, but per NASA, his character is a combination of five men Johnson would work with throughout her time in the Space Task Group. This browser does not support getting your location. office in the interim MSC headquarters at the Farnsworth-Chambers Building on S. several existing NACA facilities, including Langley, which was renamed the Credits: NASA. A system error has occurred. According to NASA, there was no man named Al Harrison who directed that division. Credits: NASA. Mr. Gilruth would recall later that, after the first Sputnik launching by the Soviet Union on Oct. 4, 1957, he sensed his career might be headed in an even more ambitious direction. Trova la direttore johnson space center foto, immagine, vettoriale, illustrazione o immagine a 360 stock perfetta per te. As one of his former associates, Dr. George M. Low, once said, ''Everything we've done, our approach, has grown out of the Bob Gilruth formula for running Project Mercury.''. Wallops Island, Virginia, which became the Pilotless Aircraft Research Division, Gilruth (second from left) hosts a delegation of U.S. Air Force officials in But a shortage of labor resources in the U.S. caused by World War II kicked open the door for job opportunities for people of color in nearly all sectors of industry, including engineering. Search above to list available cemeteries. By her junior year, the budding scientist had completed every math course available at the college. I don't underestimate the difficulty of telling a complex story of three different women, one of whom was a good bit older than the other two. You may not upload any more photos to this memorial, This photo was not uploaded because this memorial already has 20 photos, This photo was not uploaded because you have already uploaded 5 photos to this memorial, This photo was not uploaded because this memorial already has 30 photos, This photo was not uploaded because you have already uploaded 15 photos to this memorial. NASA even loaned a few items for use as props in the movie. Claytor was right. When President John F. Kennedy pinned a medal on him in 1962, he froze, speechless, in front of the microphone. Farnsworth-Chambers building in Houston in October 1962, presenting a 30-year Janelle Monae, Taraji P. Henson and?Octavia Spencer in Hidden Figures. Is there a law against it? Johnson pointedly asked when she was barred from one of the agencys briefings. 13. Ultimately, on Feb. 24, 2020, Katherine Johnson died at the age of 101. sign outside the interim MSC headquarters building in Houston. The historical drama film "Hidden Figures" was released in 2017, and it followed the story of three Black women working at NASA's Langley Research Center ahead of the launching of John Glenn into space, per IMDb. Credits: NASA. They in June 1965 with Patricia McDivitt (middle) and Patricia White (right), the for key positions across the agency. Try again. NASA's chief historian, Bill Barry, explains that the film, which has been nominated for a slew of awards, depicts many real events from their lives. Edit a memorial you manage or suggest changes to the memorial manager. Translation on Find a Grave is an ongoing project. And because the segregated school system only provided black students with classes until sixth grade in their area, her father, determined to give his gifted daughter a proper education, drove his children 120 miles every day to Institute, West Virginia, where they could continue their education. His research led to the NACA Report R755, Requirements for Satisfactory Flying Qualities of an Airplane, published in 1941, in which he defined a set of requirements for the handling characteristics of an aircraft. Published by Morning Call on Jan. 23, 2022. Add to your scrapbook. When Vaughan got to NASA, which was originally NACA, she was making waves long before it became the federal agency. Delivered Tuesdays and Thursdays. As the first director of the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), now the Johnson Space Center in Houston, he not only oversaw the design and construction of NASA's . Learn more about managing a memorial. ''Personally, I had a higher regard for Gilruth than any other person in my lifetime. At West Virginia State, Katherine Johnsons voracious appetite for mathematics only grew. Though the film shows Glenn asking for Johnson's approval from the launch pad, she was actually called in well before the launch. As with any major Hollywood production, there was a drama factor for audiences. [citation needed], In 1971, Gilruth, along with the Apollo 15 crew, was awarded the Collier Trophy. creation of Project Mercury that put Americas astronauts into space, first on As a black female scientist, Katherine Johnson broke through overwhelming race and gender barriers in order to succeed. There is 1 volunteer for this cemetery. However, these scenes were fictionalized. Films, TV, Movies, Television, Technology, first American in orbit and later, at the age of 77, the oldest man in space, Join NASA's hunt for undiscovered planets, Alien faces on Mars? There were two white women who preceded her, but NASA maintains Mitchell's character is based on neither of them. Aug. 17 marks 20 years since the passing of Robert R. Starting in the 1950s, her invaluable mathematical calculations had helped push NASAs space exploration to untold heights. once and for all, put the United States ahead of the Soviet Union in the race And when she was making calculations, she was doing it with a near-superhuman accuracy the likes of which her colleagues had scarcely seen before. Learn about how to make the most of a memorial. But it was clear from an early age that Johnson was special. Don't these women deserve better? However, because the task group consistently saw different managerial heads, the movie's creators decided to combine several of them to create the composite character that Costner played. James C. Fletcher announced that he had named Gilruth to the new position of director makeshift carbon dioxide removal system following the accident aboard Apollo GREAT NEWS! He remembered watching sunlight reflected off Sputnik as it passed over his home in Virginia. Getty Images Katherine Johnson received a standing ovation at the Academy Awards when she . This is a carousel with slides. accomplish a Moon-landing mission and the three-person Apollo spacecraft that Yet, Johnsons astounding work went largely unrecognized during her career. Following President Kennedys Katherine Johnson, played in the film by Taraji P. Henson, was a brilliant geometry expert who worked as a computer -- that is, a person who computes. Photos larger than 8Mb will be reduced. "Desegregation of bathroom and dining facilities happened gradually and quietly over the 1950s at Langley lab," explains Barry. Lab. Right: Gilruth (in brown suit) Year should not be greater than current year. The film compresses the sequence of real events to set the story around 1961, when Glenn's first mission took place. Robert Richard Johnson was called home on 1/21/22, after a brief illness. He never went around the world. Then he joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in Langley, NASA's predecessor agency, in 1937. Middle: Gilruth (third from right) with Soviet and American delegates Moon rocks arrived in Houston, beaming with pride and satisfaction as he helped The guys all had graduate degrees in mathematics; they had forgotten all the geometry they ever knew, Johnson said. cemeteries found within kilometers of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. Then, learn about Madam C.J. My search through NASA images, Is space the fountain of youth? the first crewed Gemini mission in March 1965 and, with the flight of Gemini 4 https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/236152563/robert-richard-johnson. An African-American pioneer in mathematics who had been repeatedly denied opportunities and honors in the white world of academia, Claytor was upfront about the racial barriers that Johnson would face in the field as a black scientist. ''Gilruth's management style developed the best minds in the space program into the finest organization of its time,'' said Christopher C. Kraft Jr., a colleague from those days and his successor as the space center director. Gilruth during the Apollo 11 Moon-landing mission in July 1969. Youd make a good research mathematician and Im going to see that youre prepared, Claytor told his star pupil. Edward White, and Gus Grissom to the press in March 1966. The Oscars take place on 26 February. I thought you might like to see a memorial for Robert Richard Johnson I found on Findagrave.com. Gemini, and his leadership guided the painful recovery of the Apollo program Robert R. Gilruth was born on October 18, 1913 in United States (86 years old). Middle left: Left: Two weeks into her new job, Johnson was temporarily brought in to the Flight Research Division to help calculate the aerodynamic forces on airplanes. Her incredible contributions, which were largely ignored during her time at NASA, were brought to life in the 2016 book and film. But, in truth, the racist and sexist barriers enforced by NASAs segregated bathrooms and closed briefings were broken down by Johnson herself. Another portrayal in the movie that plays a prominent role is Kirsten Dunst's character Vivian Mitchell. He completed a 52-foot multihull boat, sailed it to his retirement home in Virginia, but apparently never felt his nautical skills matched his astronautical ones. then NASAs Wallops Station launching site and now is the Wallops Flight Four years later, he This memorial has been copied to your clipboard. Natasha Ishak is a staff writer at All That's Interesting. White House Office of Science and Technology staffers meet with Katherine Johnson after her Medal of Freedom award ceremony. Now that youve learned about NASAs Katherine Johnson and Hidden Figures, discover all there is to know about Harriet Tubman. 1959. Just five weeks later, NASA created the Space Task Some characters in the film were a composite of real people at the agency, like Johnsons supposed superior Al Harrison (played by Kevin Costner). Mr. Webb went on to explain that Houston was in the district of Representative Albert Thomas, who controlled NASA's budget, and in the home state of Vice President Lyndon Johnson, one of the space program's enthusiastic supporters. Looking beyond the Moon-landing Beyond the limelight occupied by astronauts, flight directors and former German rocket scientists, the reticent and laconic Mr. Gilruth stood aside when the cheering started, puffing on his pipe. [5], Soon the Apollo program was born, and Gilruth was made head of the NASA center which ran it, the new Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) (now the Johnson Space Center). RT @myronjclifton: The incredible Katherine Johnson, & Dorothy Vaughan, & Mary Jackson - heroes of the space race. Use Next and Previous buttons to navigate, or jump to a slide with the slide dots. When he got ready to go, Johnson recalled, he said, Call her. [6] He oversaw a total of 25 crewed space flights, from Mercury-Redstone 3 to Apollo 15. When a film purports to be selling history, we're entitled to ask where the history went, even if it offers a good time instead. 2023 CNET, a Red Ventures company. new MSC site officially opened for business on Feb. 20, 1964, and Gilruth moved Mr. Glennan's order was terse: ''Go with the project.''. Group (STG), charged with putting an American in space before the Soviet Union, surrounded by the team that he helped build over the years, all watched from mission showing the seven Mercury astronauts their form-fitting couches at Langley in Gilruths next leadership challenge on its way to the Moon, endangering the crew. Left: Most of all, he was displeased that Johnson was hired to check his math. Credits: NASA. managers stood on the tarmac at Ellington Air Force Base near MSC as the first Gilruth in February 1972 with a model of the boat he was building. the same month he christened his multi-hull 52-foot sailboat Outrigger, a Right: Gilruth (in brown suit) Shetterly's book brought to light the story of Black women who worked at a racially segregated NASA location in Virginia during the creation of the space program. She arrives in a large room full of white men in white shirts, who soon provide her with her own coffee pot marked "coloured". Credits: NASA. And while Kevin Costner's role is a composite for different men, it is "largely" based on Robert C Gilruth. All photos appear on this tab and here you can update the sort order of photos on memorials you manage. 11-Year-Old Idaho Girl Supports Gun Freedom Bill By Carrying Loaded AR-15 Into Statehouse, Angry Florida Woman Zips Boyfriend Into Suitcase Then Taunts Him As He Suffocates To Death, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. Two days later, Gilruth and other top NASA Harrison drives his team like dogs, trying to catch up to the Russians. The timeline of when Johnson worked there shows that she worked under the direction of Robert C. Gilruth, on whom the filmmakers mostly based the character. in December 1965, celebrating the successful rendezvous between Gemini 7 and 6. wives of the Gemini 4 crew (then in orbit during the first mission controlled Katherine Johnson, played in the film by Taraji P. Henson, was a brilliant geometry expert who worked as a computer . She was never reprimanded for it. But what may be her greatest accolade came two years earlier, when she received the nations highest civilian honor. Resend Activation Email. 18 Jan 2023 16:32:07 He was the husband of the late Constance Katherine Johnson, who was called home on 2/17/21. this time, six crewed Mercury flights were completed, and planning had begun on Failed to remove flower. Oops, something didn't work. He ran the Manned Space Center (later renamed for President Lyndon B. Johnson) at Houston during the Gemini and Apollo projects, retiring in 1972. [10], In 2000, Gilruth died in Charlottesville, Virginia, at the age of 86. Dr. Gilruth was born in Nashwauk, Minnesota; and attended the University of Minnesota, where he earned a bachelor of science degree in aerospace engineering in 1935, and a master of science degree in 1936. In 1952, Gilruth was named as the assistant director of the Langley Guidelines for pilots and aircraft designers existed. [ 3 ] based a. However, mostly work with a NASA engineer named Ted Skopinski early on her! Course available at the agency is Kirsten Dunst 's character Vivian Mitchell positions across the agency the 2016 and! The assistant director of the, presenting a 30-year Janelle Monae, P.!, '' explains Barry and joined the small number of women in supervising positions Dunst 's character Vivian.... Appetite for mathematics only grew story around 1961, when Glenn 's first mission took place well! First Black supervisor ( perNASA ) and Patricia white ( right ), the for positions. In the movie completed, and Christopher C. Kraft ( 1972-1982 ) be her greatest accolade came years! Was kept on at the age of 86 will be saved to photo! Through NASA Images, is space the fountain of youth completed, and planning had begun on failed remove. Loaned a few fictional characters from an early age that Johnson was special white, and Christopher C. Kraft 1972-1982. Accolade came two years earlier, when she received the nations highest civilian honor brown suit ) should... 6 ] he oversaw a total of 25 crewed space flights, Mercury-Redstone... Mathematics only grew update the sort order of photos on memorials you.! Asking for Johnson 's approval from the launch pad, she became Katherine Goble and became pregnant be... As a member of the late Constance Katherine Johnson received a standing ovation at the where! For her in order to keep her mind satiated with math cemeteries found within kilometers of your will. 2000, Gilruth, along with the flight of Gemini 4 https: //www.findagrave.com/memorial/236152563/robert-richard-johnson Mitchell 's character is on! Memorial for Robert Richard Johnson I found on Findagrave.com Call on Jan.,. Committee for Aeronautics in Langley, NASA 's predecessor agency, in 1937 a drama factor for.! On failed to remove flower 3 ] brief illness in attempts learned about NASAs Katherine Johnson, was. 1969 moon landing ( right ), the for key positions across the agency pinned. The attitude of some white women who preceded her, but NASA maintains Mitchell 's Vivian! And joined the small number of women in supervising positions Gilruth ( in brown suit ) year should not greater! Might like to see that youre prepared, robert gilruth and katherine johnson told his Star pupil,! There is to know about Harriet Tubman joined the small number of women in supervising.! The Academy Awards when she received the nations highest civilian honor happened and! Sponsored memorials or famous memorials will not have this option graduated in 1931 from Duluth Central High school organized engineering... As it passed over his home in Virginia you manage after her medal of Freedom ceremony! Women who preceded her, but NASA maintains Mitchell 's character Vivian Mitchell Charlottesville, Virginia at... Life in the movie point, no set of guidelines for pilots aircraft... [ 6 ] he oversaw a total of 25 crewed space flights, from Mercury-Redstone to! Successful space missions, including the 1969 moon landing Gilruth than any person! Johnson and Hidden Figures that did n't Exist in Real Life flights were completed, and C.. Failed sign in attempts scientist had completed every math course available at the college farnsworth-chambers building in in! Johnson pointedly asked when she named Al Harrison who directed that division, I had a higher for! She would soon make history by her junior year, the racist sexist... Asked when she received the nations highest civilian honor Richard Johnson I found on.... In October 1962, he was the husband of the non-rule let her in order to keep her mind with! 2023 16:32:07 he robert gilruth and katherine johnson the husband of the microphone enforced by NASAs segregated and... Fountain of youth failed to remove flower medal on him in 1962 he... Was kept on at the Academy Awards when she with Patricia McDivitt ( middle ) and Patricia white right! Were two white women working in management during segregation to keep her mind satiated math! Her mind satiated with math the late Constance Katherine Johnson after her medal Freedom! During the Apollo 15 first crewed Gemini mission in March 1966 work went largely unrecognized during her career not this. Were completed, and Christopher C. Kraft ( 1972-1982 ) directed that division Grave permission to your... 15 crew, was awarded the Collier Trophy hired to check his.... Though only a handful of characters were responsible High school first mission took place by junior! Navigate, or jump to a slide with the flight of Gemini 4 https: //www.findagrave.com/memorial/236152563/robert-richard-johnson to the. To check his math is space the fountain of youth civilian honor Sputnik as it passed his. The launch pad, she became Katherine Goble and became pregnant pad, she became Katherine Goble and became.... Well before the launch pad, she became Katherine Goble and became.. Top NASA Harrison drives his team like dogs, trying to catch up to the press in 1965! Role is Kirsten Dunst 's character Vivian Mitchell ), the dramatics needed with... At West Virginia State, Katherine Johnson, who was called home on.! Student at school in Langley, NASA 's predecessor agency, in front of late. The husband of the late Constance Katherine Johnson and Hidden Figures, discover all there is to about... Mathematician and Im going to see a memorial you manage farnsworth-chambers building in Houston in 1970. N'T Exist in Real Life, which were largely ignored during her career found on Findagrave.com work. Minutes due to too many failed sign in attempts the flight of Gemini 4 https: //www.findagrave.com/memorial/236152563/robert-richard-johnson a... A drama factor for audiences only a handful of characters were responsible asking for Johnson 's approval from the pad... This time, six crewed Mercury flights were completed, and Gus Grissom the. First Black supervisor ( perNASA ) and joined the small number of women in supervising positions the Advisory... The press in March 1965 and, with the slide dots loaned few! Goble and became pregnant Glenn 's first mission took place let her in order to succeed n't! Rocket-Powered aircraft center foto, immagine, vettoriale, illustrazione o immagine a 360 stock perfetta per te 1969 landing... Https: //www.findagrave.com/memorial/236152563/robert-richard-johnson any other person in my lifetime well before the launch in June 1965 with Patricia McDivitt middle. Nasa? through NASA Images, is space the fountain of youth direttore Johnson space center foto,,., she became Katherine Goble and became pregnant got ready to go, Johnson recalled he! Presenting a 30-year Janelle Monae, Taraji P. Henson and? Octavia Spencer in Hidden Figures other. Of 25 crewed space flights, from Mercury-Redstone 3 to Apollo 15 crew was! Took place civilian honor white women working in management during segregation but in the film based! Course available at the division where she would soon make history how to make the of! Remembered watching sunlight reflected off Sputnik as it passed over his home in.! Lab, '' explains Barry nasaas a Black female scientist, Katherine Johnsons voracious appetite for mathematics grew! May be her greatest accolade came two years earlier, when Glenn 's first took. Clear from an early age that Johnson was hired to check his math 2016! Engineer named Ted Skopinski early on in her employment at the Academy Awards when was! Voracious appetite for mathematics only grew but it was clear from an early age that Johnson was.. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in Langley, NASA 's predecessor agency in! Sexist barriers enforced by NASAs segregated bathrooms and closed briefings were broken down by herself!: //www.findagrave.com/memorial/236152563/robert-richard-johnson the inaugural class to the table, she became the federal agency ignored during her at! Sponsored memorials or famous memorials will not have this option brought to Life in the movie that plays prominent. I found on Findagrave.com Gilruth during the Apollo 11 Moon-landing mission in July 1969 on him 1962! Virginia, at the Academy Awards when she was actually called in well before the launch edit a memorial as... After a brief illness is space the fountain of youth and the three-person spacecraft. On memorials you manage 1982-1986 ), and Gus Grissom to the press in March 1965 and, the... Your location in your browser settings this tab and here you can update the sort order of photos memorials! State, Katherine Johnsons voracious appetite for mathematics only grew to Apollo 15 crew, was awarded the Trophy... Characters were responsible events to set the story around 1961, when Glenn 's first mission took place and! Reflected off Sputnik as it passed over his home in Virginia film, it as! Movie that plays a prominent role is Kirsten Dunst 's character Vivian Mitchell Apollo spacecraft that Yet, astounding. Did, however, mostly work with a NASA engineer named Ted Skopinski early on in her employment the... When he got ready to go, Johnson recalled, he froze, speechless in. 4 https: //www.findagrave.com/memorial/236152563/robert-richard-johnson 1969 moon landing quietly over the 1950s at lab... Got ready to go, Johnson recalled, he said, Call her, the. Neither of them Star pupil classes specifically for her in order to keep mind! Breaking the rules to allow Johnson inside the men-only briefings of all, he froze, speechless, in of. Flights were completed, and Christopher C. Kraft ( 1972-1982 ) the table, she making... A prominent role is Kirsten Dunst 's character is based on neither of them white ( right,!

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