how does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlet

Covered by fog and lashed by storms most of the time, they were generally unsuitable for air or naval bases. A decisive victory, Spruance and Fletcher's actions at Midway helped turn the tide of the Pacific war in favor of the Allies. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." He was promoted to captain in 1932, and the following year he was assigned as chief of staff and aide to the commander of a destroyer scouting force. Moving into position near Midway, Spruance's force was later joined by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher's TF 17 which included the carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5). Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. Naval History and Heritage Command, "Biography of Raymond A. Spruance Press Release July 24, 1941, United States Navy Department", "Adm Spruance's Fitrep after Battle of Midway", Citation, Navy Cross, Raymond A. Spruance, "Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance America's Navy", "News Release: Navy Names Two New Guided Missile Destroyers", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942)", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942) 1988", Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 19411942, The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 19421944, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 19441945, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_A._Spruance&oldid=1137739908, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, High Commissioners of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States), Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles with dead external links from December 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 05:43. After Midway, although the Japanese still held a temporary advantage in vessels and planes, the U.S. Navy and the nation gained confidence and, most critically, time. On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. Early on, Halsey had led his task force on hit-and-run raids against the Japanese in the western Pacific: striking the Gilbert and Marshall islands in February 1942, Wake Island in March, and projecting the air power of the Doolittle Raid against the Japanese homeland in April. For that assault, Spruance led the most powerful naval strike force in history. The repulse of the Japanese invasion fleet at Midway, and critically the destruction of the Kido Butai, allowed the U.S. to gain parity in the naval air war. For his actions, Spruance received the Distinguished Service Medal and, later that month, Nimitz named him as his Chief of Staff and Aide. Returning to Newport, Spruance remained at the college until retiring from the US Navy on July 1, 1948. At the crucial Battle of Midway, your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation. Though Spruance had not led a carrier force in the past, Nimitz agreed as the rear admiral would be aided by Halsey's staff, including the gifted Captain Miles Browning. Once theBattle of the Philippine Sea came to an end, Spruance returned to Pearl Harbour to help plan other landings in the future. Raymond Spruance was born in Baltimore on July 3, 1886, the son of Alexander and Annie Spruance. All three were eventually scuttled. During WWII Italian Commandos Were Tasked to Ride Torpedoes. https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511 (accessed March 1, 2023). When Nimitz named him commander of the disputed Central Pacific Area, this made him responsible for the planning and execution of the attack on the Gilbert Islands in November 1943. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, April 1955 . The following year, they made me executive officer of the transport Agamemnon, bringing troops home from France. In the opening weeks of the conflict, Spruance's cruisers served under Vice Admiral William "Bull" Halsey and took part in raids against the Gilbert and Marshall Islands before striking Wake Island. Kennedy Hickman is a historian, museum director, and curator who specializes in military and naval history. Photograph Courtesy of the US Naval History & Heritage Command. United States Rear Admiral in command of Task Force 17 on the USS Yorktown. Richmond Kelly Turner and Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. She went down with Admiral Yamaguchi, an outstanding flag officer who, it was said, would have been Yamamotos successor had he lived. Halsey was aggressive and a risk taker. Admiral Yamamoto commanded the combined invasion fleet from aboard his flagship Yamato. One commentator said: The quick success of the offensive was attributed to the strategic daring by which Vice Admiral Spruances forces cut behind the eastern chain of the Marshalls. He withdrew his ships westward, still hoping to draw Spruance into a trap. By shortly after 9 a.m., planes from Yorktown were also on their way. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. United States Aircraft Carrier attached to Task Force 16. Spruance was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal for his service at Midway. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Naval Academy in 1906 and from the Naval War College in 1927 where he taught for a few years. https://www.historynet.com/admiral-raymond-a-spruance-modest-victor-of-midway/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, How Operation Homecoming Was Sprung into Action to Repatriate American POWs. His seagoing career was extensive, including command of five destroyers and the battleship Mississippi. Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, is named Spruance Hall. In August 1943, Spruance, now a vice admiral, returned to sea as Commander Central Pacific Force. This time we were right because the enemy did what we expected him to do. transmitted as a message) to Rear Admirals Frank Jack Fletcher and Raymond Spruance on the eve of the battle of Midway To quote a U S Navy website, "Nimitz clearly . The fourth was a choice between Halsey and Spruance, and after much deliberation, eventually Halsey was appointed in December 1945. As the island-hopping campaign began, MacArthur continued his . It Didnt End Well. [25], Spruance was President of the Naval War College from February 1946 until he retired from the Navy in July 1948. After the enemys raids on Midway, Admiral Spruance ordered the launching of every possible plane to search for and attack the Japanese carriers. D. The Pope lived in Constantinople. Before the Battle of the Coral Sea on 7-8 May 1942, the Imperial Navy of Japan had swept aside all of its enemies from the Pacific and Indian oceans. However, his actions were both praised and understood by the main persons ordering and directly involved in the battle. In fact, Spruance had a knack for getting along with difficult people, including his friend Admiral Kelly Turner, the hotheaded commander of 5th Fleet's amphibious force. This was followed by a promotion to Deputy Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet in September. A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. On October 16, 1946, the former Secretary of War, Robert P. Patterson, presented the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Admiral Spruance, with citation as follows: Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, as Task Force Commander during the capture of the Marshall and Marianas Islands, rendered exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services from January to June 1944. There are submarines, there are mini-submarines, and then there are human torpedoes. Naval Academy, graduating in 1906. Nagumo ordered his planes rearmed on their return. He was responsible for leading the 5th Fleet into the pivotal Battle of the Philippines Sea, nicknamed the 'Great Marianas Turkey Shoot' because a total of 365 Japanese planes were brought down. US Navy SBD dive bombers at the Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942. Commanding the battleship for nearly two years, Spruance was aboard when World War II began in Europe. However a second strike from Hiry would fatally cripple Fletcher's flagship, Yorktown and as a result, Fletcher passed command to Spruance, who would command the mop up phase of the battle. And with this battle the American forces gained, and afterwards continued to gain, hard combat experience; so the Japanese lost that crucial advantage as well. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance displayed outstanding leadership and command capabilities during the battle that turned the tide in the Pacific. At 0530 June 4, a scout plane from Midway sighted the Kido Butai, however the scout only reported sighting "Two carriers and battleships", and giving course and speed. If this happened, it would enable the Japanese to pinch the Americans between their two carrier forces. How can these and the knowledge they provide be used to spread His Word? Fletcher quickly ordered his dive bombers to strike, which fatally damaged the fourth Japanese carrier; it was scuttled the next day. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. His division was an element of the task force built around the aircraft carrier USSEnterprise and commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. C. The Roman Catholic Church developed in Constantinople. Falling ill with shingles, Halsey recommended that Spruance lead Task Force 16, centered on the carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Hornet (CV-8), in his stead. Following the war, Spruance served as US Ambassador to the Philippines from 1952 to 1955. They were hurled back decisively, and the losses353 enemy planes downed, 21 U.S. aircraft lostamazed the Americans. They follow returning American pilots and damage the Yorktown, but receiving more than 50% casualties. On December 30, 1914, Spruance married Margaret Vance Dean, the daughter of an Indianapolis businessman. Both commanders hoped for a classic battle with the Imperial Japanese Navy, but only Mitschers carrier planes were able to reach the enemy. The U.S. fleet lost fewer men, but it lost a fleet carrier while the Japanese lost only the light carrier Shoho. Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that served as the flagship of Admiral Nagumo. Four days after the invasion, all immediate objectives had been taken, and by February 8, 1944, all organized resistance had ceased. In this state the Japanese carriers would be extremely vulnerable. Born on 3 July 1886, Spruance graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1906. The Gilberts attack was planned and directed by Spruance, with the assistance of Rear Adms. Admiral Ernest J. His torpedo bombershaving switched to bombs for the attack on Midwaywere away, and most of his protective fighters were out on patrol. society in the 1950s? Notwithstanding their different personalities, Spruance and Halsey were close friends. World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance. King said to him "Spruance, you did a damn fine job there. As Allied forces battled on the island, Spruance's ships defeated Operation Ten-Go on April 7 which saw the Japanese battleship Yamato attempt to break through to the island. Successfully concluding operations, Spruance was promoted to admiral in February. This occurred at the same time that Admiral Turner's forces were attacking Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshalls, about 700 miles to the east. When she went to sea in 1916, he went with her. "When I look at myself objectively," he wrote in retirement, "I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. Why was Chester W Nimitz important? But their elation was short-lived, for too many Japanese fighters had descended to deal with the torpedo bombers, leaving a window of opportunity for any American dive bombers that arrived. The U.S. Navy counterforce sank all four Japanese carriers while losing one of its own, Yorktown. Yamamoto himself was based on the battleship Yamato, which is the largest warship built to date. Five days after the Marshalls campaign, Spruance sent the Mitscher force to attack Tinian and Saipan in the Mariana Islands. Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. Since the Japanese planes were returning from the Midway strike, Spruance ordered that his strike be launched without delay so as to maximize the chances that the Japanese carriers would be caught while landing planes or spotting the next wave. The Japanese carriers were beginning to launch fighters as Torpedo 8 roared down to attack, without fighter cover. The Japanese planned to outwit the U.S. forces at Midway. The Americans were able to count on Yorktown, however, after patching her up in an astonishing two days instead of 90 days as had been estimated. His wife, Margaret Dean (18881985), is buried alongside him, as are Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, his longtime friend Admiral Richmond K. Turner, and Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, an arrangement made by all of them while living. In 1916 he aided in the fitting out of the battleship Pennsylvania and he served on board her from her commissioning in June 1916 until November 1917. A bust of Spruance is in the lobby. So he changed course northeastward, avoiding the first wave of dive bombers launched against him from Spruances carriers. Morison, "Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions: May 1942 August 1942". Hickman, Kennedy. About us| When New Mexico was struck by two kamikaze on the night of 12 May 1945 a hasty search by Spruance's staff found the Admiral manning a fire hose amidship. While screening the American invasion of Saipan in June 1944, Spruance defeated the Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the second detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific War. During the operation, the Fifth Fleet burned up 630 million gallons of fuelmore than the entire Pacific Fleet used in 1943. Admiral Spruance died on 13 December 1969, at his home in Pebble Beach , California. [30] He is shown to be at loggerheads with his staff on numerous occasions and corrected by them once. Hickman, Kennedy. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral in World War II. At 8:20 a.m., Nagumos observers reported a group of American ships 200 miles away. In June 1931, Spruance returned to Newport, RI to serve on the staff of the Naval War College. With Okinawa's fall in June, Spruance rotated back to Pearl Harbor to begin planning the invasion of Japan. (. Just before the planned invasion of Midway island in June 1942, Halsey suddenly became ill with shingles. The Iwo Jima and Okinawa actions lasted from January to May 1945, and in August the Japanese surrendered. He served as Assistant Chief of Staff under Vice admiral Philip Andrews during the period of tensions between Greece and Turkey and was decorated with the Gold Cross of the Order of the Savior by the Government of Greece for his service. 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