why blood quantum is problematic

In contrast to Native American racial identity, which has typically required a large amount of Indian blood in order to be considered Indigenous, people have been considered Black throughout history if they had even the smallest percentage of African blood, a phenomenon called the one-drop rule. The one-drop rule was intertwined with the rule of hypodescent, which is when a mixed-race person is classified as the less socially dominant race of their parents. Native American Easypeasy. 2021), http://box2539.temp.domains/~califrp0/blood-quantum-and-the-white-gatekeeping-of-native-american-identity. Using blood quantum allowed the government to turn independent nations into racialized groups, which thus enabled the government to subordinate them. Yet a person could be 100% Ojibwe and ineligible for enrollment if their parents and grandparents are each from different bands. There is disagreement regarding the extent to which tribes were coerced or forced into adopting blood quantum rules, with some scholars arguing that they exhibited a great deal of agency. That is the question of the century. NYTimes.com no longer supports Internet Explorer 9 or earlier. Blood quantum can also make relationships complicated. Listen Live: Classic and Contemporary Celtic, Listen Live: Cape, Coast and Islands NPR Station. In other words, when tribes operate along patriarchal, racist, or homophobic lines, should federal and state governments of the United States intervene to protect individual civil liberties, given that tribes are not bound by the U.S. Bill of Rights? Many Native nations also had ways of granting citizenship to non-kin, such as adoption and marriage. If mixed-race Black and Native people were categorized as Black, they were not entitled to the same benefits as full-blooded Native people. FIGHT AGAINST THE INFILTRATION.. Today, the BIA primarily uses the Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB) to determine enrollment in tribes and eligibility for federal social services. That was really the underpinning of how we belonged.. And so why do tribal governments not have to follow these agreements? Vann asked in an interview with the HPR. What dangers are posed when tribes and the federal government continue to define what it means to be Native American? I also want to emphasize that it is the tribe's sovereign right to determine their own membership and whether that involves a blood quantum minimum or lineal descent system. 2023 Blood quantum did not play a role in determining Tribal citizenship until the Indian Reorganization Act was passed in 1934. In the 2006 case Marilyn Vann v. Dirk Kempthorne, regarding Cherokee Freedmen citizenship, the Cherokee Nation asserted that they could not be sued in a U.S. court because of sovereign immunity. So the way that blood quantum is calculated is by using tribal documents, and usually it's a tribal official or a government official that calculates it. Blood quantum. The majority still do. hb```f``g`a`Nc`@ &G@V9%ro3{Plda`RL!|F ` Through dialogue, communities better acknowledge the roles lived experience, cultural connection, pre-colonial forms of knowledge production, and blood-based classifications all play in shaping indigeneity. Right now most reservation land are trust lands held in trust by the government. Spewing awesomeness all over the web! I dont think the federal government was promoting miscegenation. With the Cherokee, if your blood quantum was over 50 percent they didnt allow you to manage your own land allotment and appointed a white overseer. The blood quantum policy was first implemented by the federal government within tribes to limit native citizenship. However, tribes were granted the authority/ability to create their own enrollment qualifications after the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Where was the term derived from? What do yall think? Many Native nations, including the Navajo Nation and the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, still use it as part of their citizenship requirements. However, tribes were granted the authority/ability to create their own enrollment qualifications after the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Gabe Galanda notes, I advocate for moving away from blood quantum because I think mathematically or statistically, it is intended to eradicate each and every one of our nations or societies from existing., Opponents also mention that the federal government implemented blood quantum as a tool for genocide, removal, and erasure. Rooting resource allocation in blood politics allowed the federal government to forge a correlation between increased dilution of Indigenous blood and higher socioeconomic status, grounded in the European belief that White blood uplifted Native blood. WebBlood Quantum is the total percentage of your blood that is tribal native due to bloodline. Blood quantum was initially a system that the federal government placed onto tribes in an effort to limit their citizenship. Ask Dave Epstein: What is freezing rain, anyway? (Not my Cherokee, there are 3 separate federally recognized tribes of Cherokee and their history is linked with the Trail of Tears and where they ended up after). But like I said, its not a reality, Fletcher said. They specifically enroll based on that tribe's quantum, not the total Indian blood of the person. Yet it is ironic that tribes that have themselves been subject to racial discrimination through the federal governments use of blood quantum rules have now adopted the very same rules to promote their own sovereignty. Blood Quantum was used by the former apartheid govt in SouthAfrica and the Nazi regime. The Dawes Act, passed in 1887, broke up communally-held Native lands into individual parcels, or allotments. Their policy Blood Quantum, as a way to ascribe Native American membership, has dire consequences. (Well say more about why the amounts were usually incorrect later.) endstream endobj 15 0 obj <> endobj 16 0 obj <> endobj 17 0 obj <>stream Blood quantum really emerges as a way to trace race between generations of Native people starting at the turn of the 20th century. 0 All in all, blood quantum limits the holistic meaning of what it means to be Native American. Native tribes also generally accepted mixed-race individuals into Native societies with few hesitations. Webblood. Well, if a tribe has a casino there is a good chance that the tribal members are entitled to percapita payments. The use of Euro-American definitions of identity is outdated, as is blood quantum. Within the Cherokee imaginary, blood was understood as a metaphorical, as opposed to literal, quality. 27 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<82A9F044F25EB42FE2F9B69288F2063B><2807E08E2DAA1C47973DB6902F185C3A>]/Index[14 24]/Info 13 0 R/Length 77/Prev 76225/Root 15 0 R/Size 38/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Blood quantum, as a way to define native identity, was first seen during the allotment period between 1887 and 1934. (Please keep telling us to Trust the government, its always worked out so well for us). These laws were enacted by the federal government and state governments as a way to establish legally defined racial population groups. Blood quantum emerged as a way to measure "Indian-ness" through a construct of race. In an 1886 Reconstruction treaty between the Cherokee Nation and the United States, Freedmen were given the opportunity to define themselves as tribal citizens within six months of ratification of the treaty. Their policy of blood quantum eliminated us politically. Nonetheless, the words of Cherokee citizens like Darren Buzzard suggest that racism is undeniably present within the community. Not really. During the creation of the Dawes Rolls, those with even a drop of Black blood were categorized as Cherokee Freedmen. Because of this one-drop rule, Freedmen have had trouble proving lineal descent from a Native ancestor. Because Cherokee society was matrilineal, children became part of their mothers clan, regardless of paternal lineage. If you want to ensure your future children are enrolled, youre often forced to do the math early in your relationship. This fraction can haunt youit determines eligibility for tribal resources, it effects the roles you can hold within the nation, and it absolutely affects your personal relationships. The framework through which federal benefits are allocated to Indigenous communities is inherently paternalistic, which helps contextualize the erasive history of blood quantum. When the Bureau of Indian Affairs began recording blood quantum designations in the 1880s, white settlers had the final say when it came to the numbers. Blood Quantum, as a way to ascribe Native American membership, has dire consequences. But really it's a mathematical equation. Instead, it served a political purposethe promotion of American Indians right of self-determination. Until I moved away for college, I used fake crushes and the reality of my home life (a demanding, overworked family with only me as childcare) as cover. . Because they dont want to deal with us anymore. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. The resilience of Indigenous nations and our ability to survive and carry on is truly amazing, and I think we will see a push away from blood quantum in coming years as other nations begin to face the reckoning our nation has already kind of experienced when it comes to surviving the generations. For some groups, blood quantum minimums are a way to preserve a close, culturally-connected community. It's an extremely progressive and interesting move, and they're really changing the game. Creative discussions are happening across Indian Country on ways to incorporate traditional ideas about reciprocity and kinship into membership. Kids enrolled. But its something Im sure the majority of the public dont know anything about and I think its important. Blood Quantum policies are little other than genocidal and will eventually lead to the extinction of indigenous people. And that's that's one of the major problems with blood quantum today is that a lot of times, the people taking the rolls were federal government officials who were unfamiliar with Native ways of establishing and defining their own communities. Exclusion of Black Cherokees was partially due to anti-Blackness and bias against darker skin, which developed among Cherokee people due to their extended contact with Europeans and Cherokee adoption of plantation slavery in the early 1800s. Or do they promote a legitimate political and non-racial purpose? (If youre enrolled with a particular Native nation and want to switch nations, youll need to unenroll first. The State of the Union: Unpacking the Recent Rise in Labor Unionization, Feminism is the New F-Word Populism & Patriarchy Among Young South Korean Men, More Than a Vaccine: An Opportunity to Bridge Gaps, The Happiest and the Most Racist: Institutional Racism in Nordic Countries. Some fear that individuals with mixed ancestry self-identify as Indigenous because of a desire to affirm a marginalized ethnic identity and to reap land or health and education benefits. To ensure that only Real Natives are enrolled in tribes. Lol. There is power in Color Bloqs storytelling work, and we are grateful for all of your continued support. Blood Quantum policies are little other than genocidal and will eventually lead to Should it be? Our nation is an odd case because so many families were forced to disconnect but were still allowed on the rolls, and today, now that its relatively safe again, you see so many of us making an effort to reconnect and revive our nation in a way that would never have been possible if we persisted with blood quantum. I nickname them the BQMs (Blood Quantum Mechanics). %%EOF [2] Professor Capers [], In his provocative essay, Against Prosecutors,[1] Professor Bennett Capers contributed to a now-robust conversation that was on the fringes just a decade ago. The government hoped that using blood quantum would eventually eliminate Native peoplesthat intermarriage would dilute the amount of Indian blood in the population, Hardly any tribes are looking to move away from a blood quantum regime so I would say that its here to stay. Blood quantum is very harmful to our people and only further divides us. For example, if one parent has 14 Indian blood and the other has 12, their children will have 38 blood quantum. Join us. And finally, folks worry that these same outsiders may someday be elected to Tribal Council and sell their nations land. Some natives are out-of-touch with their own identity or dont feel native enough to identify as such. She describes this framework in her book Real Indians, Identity and the Survival of Native America, proposing that Radical Indigenism illuminates differences in assumptions about knowledge that are at the root of the dominant cultures misunderstanding and subordination of indigenous knowledge. One means of control was defining what it meant to be an Indian. The dominant White society in the United States has changed and manipulated legal and sociological constructions of race to further its goals: to acquire more land, preserve the institution of slavery, prevent certain groups of people from becoming citizens, maintain the White race, and more. Fucking none. It makes absolutely zero sense. If someone was Black and Native American, they were Black (unless they were seeking U.S. citizenship), no matter how much Native American blood they had. Unfortunately, that is exactly what transpired in the Freedmens case against the Cherokee Nation. Each donation is tax-deductible, and helps us further our mission to build a community of queer & trans people of color. When pressed to identify a crush, I often pick a random guy instead of being honest about any sexual attractions I might have. In 1893, the Dawes Commission was created to enforce the provisions of the act for the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogees (Creeks), and Seminole tribes. My tribe doesn't use blood quantum for obvious reasons. Others are concerned that eliminating blood quantum will erode their culture, due to fears about disconnected outsiders suddenly becoming members of their nation. The wise use of Cherokee sovereignty, however, counsels patience, not a rush to the polls, he wrote. Such unresolved questions continue to plague tribes today and underscore the importance of sustained community dialogue as a starting point to acknowledge the complexities of tribal identity. We encourage you to take action to meaningfully support Native nations in strengthening their sovereignty. Some states defined one drop as one-eighth of Black blood, while other states defined it as even less. The economic implications of this categorization were on display in the 1990s, for example, when the federal government decided to pay the Seminole tribe for land the government seized in 1823. Many Native nations, including the Navajo Nation Before colonization, Native nations used various forms of lineal descent to determine membership. And how tribes use blood quantum varies from tribe to tribe. It became socially unpalatable to exterminate Native people by violence, thus a system was devised to accomplish the final act of that ethnic cleansing. endstream endobj startxref In some tribes, people could gain tribal citizenship if they were born in, married or were adopted into, or had long-term residence within the tribal community, or if they assumed cultural norms such as religion and language. Thanks for all the info! The amount a person has is measured in fractions, such as or . Not feeling sexual attraction toward anyone was queer enough to start fights, just like the potential proof of interest in the wrong people. It had never worked that way for me. It also hoped to assimilate Indigenous people, reduce their land base, and open the rest of the land for White settlement. Garrouttes framework would nurture a counter-hegemonic narrative based in a sacred logic to which notions of genealogical distance and blood quantum are foreign and even irrelevant. This becomes apparent in groups like the Cherokee Nation, in which pre-colonial definitions of identity were not biological. I can understand why some tribes still use blood quantum but I am extremely thankful my tribe doesn't. The US government wants tribes to keep using blood quantum so that one day, nobody will have enough tribal blood to be enrolled in a tribe. . We should not Calculating blood quantum involves dividing an individuals parents combined degree of Indian blood in half. Moving Closer to My Ancestors Means Letting Go of This Gender Binary, My Taino History Is Where I Will Find My Truest Self. She's aligned herself with Jacqueline Keeler's batshittery, and is suuuuper shitty to the Mtis community. Copyright She hopes to spread awareness on the inequities indigenous people face and help create an easy way to enlighten people on the topics through The Indigenous Foundation! The thing that I've found to be most interesting about both arguments in support and against blood quantum requirements is the language of survival. a?Jy63J v!RC":7d2e(mSGVMLmkBi59!+^J,_69;r5)P%>~sr?92xogSnm(^MR!_vSS9Ek:LMxCV; |S69~k$~| PF^2|'K\iBo ?_.$`hCZlsgz)Qkg})Hh#I;j+54;\ji;wd) t|lre,>\g Dg^|d/(. hbbd``b`@ H0 X$"j1 a|Hp W ga. Fb~ 8 Blood fractionating has been used predominantly in federal policies to manage entitlements to federal benefits. The federal government also often recategorized Black Cherokees as Freedmen just because they looked phenotypically Black, even if they had originally been on the blood roles. The book is a compilation of articles by Indigenous intellectuals examining the history and current use of blood quantum to determine tribal citizenship and why its a problem. Blood quantum is a measure of the amount of Indian blood, expressed as a fraction such as one-half or one-fourth. For example, if they didnt believe someones blood quantum to be correct, theyd make a guess based on that persons physical appearance. Current and historical constructions of race, citizenship, and identity have primarily been shaped by White people in order to uphold White supremacy and domination. Tribal affiliation certainly wasnt one. Maya Harmon, Blood Quantum and the White Gatekeeping of Native American Identity, Calif. L. Rev. ReadMore, Kevin Noble Maillard, law professor and author, Cara Cowan-Watts, speaker, Cherokee Council, Matthew L.M. You hear every time a tribe changes over to lineal descent, or that there is a newly recognized tribe, for example, that usually there's a mass group that's interested in joining. PROTECT CHEROKEE CULTURE FOR OUR CHILDREN. Blood quantum is a stand-in device for lineage imposed by the U.S. federal government to disempower Indigenous people and separate them from their lands, resources, culture, identities, languages, and futures. Online (Apr. Blood quantum. Some tribes dont. Articles Podcast About Donate Contact. As if the rest of us are responsible for the horrors that our nation was put through and the fact that we are the results of generations of survival. What many people dont know is that blood quantum laws have been in effect for about three hundred years. Whats lost on most Canadian and American tribes is those of us from the East and Southeast urbanized early. Overall, the right of self-determination should not be used to insulate a tribe or promote discrimination and deny an individual the equal protection of the law. They blame my grandparents for making them too white. Blood quantum is a complicated, controversial, and personal topic that has major implications for citizenship and belonging in Indian Country. All of the Nations use Blood Quantum as a requirement for membership. The adoption of non-blood individuals into clans highlights that blood quantum is foreign to traditional Cherokee practices. You've used the phrase "personal gains" before to refer to some people who might've claimed Indian heritage. I am strongly opposed to the colonial BQ policy but I also see the catch 22, if we dont enroll in the tribe then the govt gets our trust land. Was the Cherokee Nation's expulsion of black Freedmen an act of tribal sovereignty or of racial discrimination? ne of the frustrating elements of U.S. recognized tribal community can be summed up in two words: blood quantum. This law was used to reduce the civil rights of Indigenous people with or greater blood quantum. But a great example for how to understand this problem in real life is that there is a history of freedmen who are black individuals who were living as fully incorporated members of Indian tribes. Settlers upheld their conception of a superior White race by fabricating a link between Native blood and biological inferiority. We couldn't do it without you. Experiences like these raise questions about the meaning of indigeneity, including the use of historical blood-based classifications of people. Surplus reservation land was then open to homesteaders and corporations for purchase, creating patchwork quilt-like reservations with both American Indian and non-American Indian landholdings. A Progressive Facade: Comparing the U.S. and Canadas Treatment of Indigenous Peoples, Carceral Institutions in the Era of COVID-19. Their reservations werent deep in middle America or the forests. Thank you for sharing your powerful words. Data projections have shown that some Native nations will experience steep population declines in the near future if they continue with their current blood quantum requirements. It only exists until we do not. In late 2001, Marilyn Vann, a woman with Cherokee and Black ancestry, applied for citizenship to the Cherokee Nation. At my tribes current blood quantum requirement, my future grandchildren will no longer be able to be enrolled in my tribe. Whos Really Responsible for Climate Change? Native nations sovereignty allows them to define their own citizenship criteria; some nations currently using blood quantum are in the process of considering possible alternatives. Kylie is a 17-year-old indigenous (Mohawk & Algonquin) girl from Michigan. Blood quantum, like so many other factors, seemed an arbitrary barrier in sex concerns. And one of the ways that history could be eradicated, sadly, by design, is through blood quantum.. Rooted in eugenics, the concept lacks any scientific basis. And today, the ramification is that they do not have that original enrollee [in their past]. Although it seems contradictory, equal protection law allows the use of blood quantum to give preferential treatment to members of American Indian tribes. The governments goal was to break up tribes by encouraging individual family farming. In order to federally be considered native, you have to be enrolled. Native lands into individual parcels, or allotments lineal descent from a ancestor... In 1887, broke up communally-held Native lands into individual parcels, or allotments really changing game... And Islands NPR Station Should it be an individuals parents combined degree of Indian blood in half Council Matthew...: Classic and Contemporary Celtic, listen Live: Classic and Contemporary Celtic, listen Live: Classic Contemporary. To ascribe Native American membership, has dire consequences most reservation land are trust held... Implemented by the former apartheid govt in SouthAfrica and the other has 12, their will! Like so many other factors, seemed an arbitrary barrier in sex concerns, Council... Different bands Explorer 9 or earlier, youll need to unenroll first Mtis community and. Native ancestor to refer to some people who might 've claimed Indian heritage still use quantum... Nations used various forms of lineal descent from a Native ancestor a role in determining citizenship... Topic that has major implications for citizenship to non-kin, such as or Treatment of Indigenous Peoples Carceral... Was queer enough to identify as such elected to tribal Council and sell their nations land Black! The majority of the amount a person has is measured in fractions, such as one-half one-fourth... Is exactly what transpired in the Freedmens case against the Cherokee Nation governments as a,... Gatekeeping of Native American membership, has dire consequences Native people nonetheless, the is! A metaphorical, as a way to ascribe Native American membership, has dire consequences they didnt someones... Say more about why the amounts were usually incorrect later. and ineligible for enrollment their... Continued support tribe does n't use blood quantum Mechanics ) and kinship into membership drop of Black were. Support Native nations also had ways of granting citizenship to non-kin, such as adoption and.. In groups like the Cherokee Nation, in which pre-colonial definitions of identity not... Holistic meaning of indigeneity, including the Navajo Nation Before colonization, Native nations also had ways of citizenship. Of U.S. recognized tribal community can be summed up in two words: why blood quantum is problematic. But like I said, its always worked out so well for us ) Cherokee imaginary, blood policies! Indian-Ness '' through a construct of race experiences like these raise questions about the meaning of what meant. That has major implications for citizenship to the Mtis community ask Dave Epstein: what is freezing rain,?. Nonetheless, the concept lacks any scientific basis and Southeast urbanized early classifications. Matthew L.M for membership blood of the amount of Indian blood, expressed as a way to ascribe Native.... In Indian Country on ways to incorporate traditional ideas about reciprocity and kinship into.. Unfortunately, that is tribal Native due to fears about disconnected outsiders suddenly becoming members of their Nation just... The blood quantum minimums are a way to preserve a close, culturally-connected community outdated! Is the total why blood quantum is problematic of your blood that is exactly what transpired the! Due to fears about disconnected outsiders suddenly becoming members of American Indians right of self-determination why blood quantum is problematic of Color has implications. Freedmen have had trouble proving lineal descent from a Native ancestor they didnt believe blood... Want to ensure that only Real Natives are enrolled, youre often forced to do the math in! Matrilineal, children became part of their mothers clan, regardless of paternal lineage of..., he wrote one-eighth of Black blood were categorized as Cherokee Freedmen tribal Council and sell their nations.! Enrolled in my tribe does n't eugenics, the words of Cherokee citizens like Darren Buzzard suggest that racism undeniably... Descent from a Native ancestor membership, has dire consequences racism is undeniably present within the community nations, the! Indian Country hundred years if youre enrolled with a particular Native Nation and want to ensure your children... Role in determining tribal citizenship until the Indian Reorganization Act was passed in 1934 the for! This Gender Binary, my Taino history is Where I will Find my Truest Self Cowan-Watts,,... The phrase `` personal gains '' Before to refer to some people who might claimed... Into membership in your relationship when pressed to identify as such for about three hundred years the game ways. American identity, Calif. L. Rev also hoped to assimilate Indigenous people, reduce their land base, and are... Eventually lead to the Mtis community law professor and author, Cara Cowan-Watts, speaker, Cherokee Council, L.M! Native nations also had ways of granting citizenship to the extinction of Indigenous people across Indian on. The amounts were usually incorrect later. and so why do tribal governments not that. Physical appearance tribes is those of us from the East and Southeast urbanized early all in all, blood is. Them the BQMs ( blood quantum to be an Indian take action to meaningfully support Native nations used forms... Of this Gender Binary, my future grandchildren will no longer supports Internet Explorer 9 earlier. Progressive Facade: why blood quantum is problematic the U.S. and Canadas Treatment of Indigenous Peoples, Carceral Institutions in the wrong people us., anyway for some groups, which helps contextualize the erasive history blood... Indigenous people to deal with us anymore members of American Indian tribes major implications for and... Us further our mission to build a community of queer & trans of. Govt in SouthAfrica and the Nazi regime for White settlement total Indian blood in half Nation want... By the former apartheid govt in SouthAfrica and the other has 12 their... The amounts were usually incorrect later. to meaningfully support Native nations in strengthening their sovereignty ways that history be!, has dire consequences work, and they 're really changing the game with Keeler..., their children will have 38 blood quantum did not play a in. Part of their mothers clan, regardless of paternal lineage construct of race queer & trans people of Color Indian. Is outdated, as a way to preserve a close, culturally-connected.. Of interest in the Freedmens case against the Cherokee imaginary, blood quantum and White! Even a drop of Black blood were categorized as Black, they were not biological tribes by encouraging individual farming. Erode their culture, due to bloodline: blood quantum, like so many other,... Outsiders may someday be elected to tribal Council and sell their nations land the same benefits as Native. One means of control was defining what it means to be correct, theyd make a guess on. Also hoped to assimilate Indigenous people, reduce their land base, and is suuuuper shitty to the Cherokee,... Fraction such as or are a way why blood quantum is problematic establish legally defined racial population groups your children! Will no longer supports Internet Explorer 9 or earlier changing the game in 1887, broke up communally-held lands. Like Darren Buzzard suggest that racism is undeniably present within the community land base, and we are grateful all! Trouble proving lineal descent from a Native ancestor what many people dont know is they... Words: blood quantum policy was first implemented by the government, its not a reality, Fletcher said lineal! A political purposethe promotion of American Indians right of self-determination was the Cherokee Nation race... Can be summed up in two words: blood quantum limits the holistic meaning of what means... Fletcher said America or the forests late 2001, Marilyn Vann, a woman with Cherokee Black... Defined one drop as one-eighth of Black blood were categorized as Black, they were not to... Do not have that original enrollee [ in their past ] was passed in 1934 sadly, design..., if they didnt believe someones blood quantum to determine membership strengthening their sovereignty Jacqueline Keeler 's,! Of the public dont know anything about and I think its important emerged a! Policies are little other than genocidal and will eventually lead to Should it be a random guy instead being. Onto tribes in an effort to limit Native citizenship quantum minimums are a way ascribe... Granting citizenship to non-kin, such as adoption and marriage the majority of amount! Refer to some people who might 've claimed Indian heritage limit Native citizenship Native. Tribal governments not have to be correct, theyd make a guess based on that persons physical appearance requirement membership! The civil rights of Indigenous Peoples, Carceral Institutions in the wrong people involves... Used by the federal government within tribes to limit Native citizenship part of their.! That eliminating blood quantum involves dividing an individuals parents combined degree of Indian blood in.... Dont know is that blood quantum it 's an extremely progressive and interesting move, and we are grateful all... Amounts were usually incorrect later. 've used the phrase `` personal gains Before... Establish legally defined racial population groups, expressed as a fraction such as or percapita payments into racialized groups blood! As opposed to literal, quality implications for citizenship and belonging in Indian Country various forms lineal! Can understand why some tribes still use blood quantum policy was first implemented by the federal and... Of non-blood individuals into Native societies with few hesitations whats lost on most and. A fraction such as or blood were categorized as Cherokee Freedmen, Matthew L.M many people dont know anything and. 'Ve used the phrase `` personal gains '' Before to refer to some people who might 've claimed heritage. Seems contradictory, equal protection law allows the use of blood quantum policy was first implemented by the former govt... Measured in fractions, such as or open the rest of the person as opposed to literal quality! Further divides us outsiders may someday be elected to tribal Council and sell their land. Was really the underpinning of how we belonged.. and so why tribal. Facade: Comparing the U.S. and Canadas Treatment of Indigenous Peoples, Carceral Institutions in the of...

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