major problems of agriculture in ethiopia

UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). But around 700 million people, most of them living in rural areas are still live in extreme poverty, and more than 800 million people are chronically hungry and 2 billion people suffer micronutrient deficiencies in the whole world. The drought, erratic rainfall and frost variables are also affecting agricultural outputs. Ethiopia and the 'agriculture revolution' Assessing the Challenges of Irrigation Development in Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture, 1 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dewa, Ethiopia, The role of climateforestagriculture interface in climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia, Landlessness, land access modalities and poverty in rural areas of Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia, Impacts of climate change on food security in Ethiopia: adaptation and mitigation options: A review, Rural population change in developing countries: Lessons for policy making, Climate change, growth, and poverty in Ethiopia, Recent changes in rainfall, temperature and number of rainy days over Northern Oromia zone, Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status, Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: The case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya zone. In fact, the soil erosion caused by rainfall is severe on the topography of the land that has a slope of more than 16%. The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land whereas Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation. Working and investing toward changing the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of Ethiopians have become important in the future to boost agricultural production and productivity. In some parts, utilization of the water resources is hindered because of the undulating topography of the country. 3099067 It posed a huge challenge to Ethiopians. The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. This is why they are unable to sustain the demand of rising rural population density as the farm sizes declined (Josephson et al., Citation2014). In Ethiopia, increasing crop production is crucial for attaining food security and providing inputs for the industrial sector. Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, Citation2019). Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. If this has come to the fact, the proportion of energetic productive man is decreased and negatively impacts on world production and productivity due to their retirement. However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. The improvement in the economic trends are due to the growth in agriculture which plays a dominant role in Ethiopia's economy. Name of group members (Section: R1) ID No. (. Table 11. The above-raised problems contributed a picture of increased degradation of existing arable land, as well as difficulties with making new arable land in the future. Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland. But increased input alone does not increase the food supply and staple crop yields, and thus farm income declines as population density increases. The increased population and landlessness of the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular. A little modification has been made to bring internal transformation in the thinking and working habit of the people in the past century. Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, Citation2014). This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. The majority of this growth originated from Ethiopias dominating agriculture-based economy; the agricultural sector accounts for 37 percent to GDP, one of the highest shares in sub- For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. In Ethiopia, the farmland is highly fragmented in the central northern parts than other parts (Figure 1). Therefore, farm size affects agricultural sustainability in the economy, social aspects, and environmental performance of agricultural production, for instance, increasing farm size has a positive impact on farmers net profit, economic benefits, technical and labor efficiency with mean coefficients of 0.005, 0.02, and 2.25 in China, respectively (Ren et al., Citation2019). However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. High rate of agricultural growth has far-reaching positive implications for economic development of low-income countries in terms of increasing employment and accelerating poverty reduction. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, and degradation of natural resources are serious problems of developing nations that need urgent actions. Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, Citation2017). The allocation and utilization of resources through the channels mainly face corruptions that ultimately resulted in food insecurity through jeopardizing crop and livestock production and fisheries. In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, Citation2020). However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (Citation2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. With the aim of curbing land degradation problems, efforts are underway on the implementation of soil and water conservation (SWC) practices. Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., Citation2007). Land constraints and agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: A village-level analysis of high-potential areas. Such integration of agricultural stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production way. Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. Aragie (Citation2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. For instance, rainfall is one of the most noticed climate variables in the country. The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. Hitherto the most of the existing literature on Ethiopian agricultural development has focused on resource degradation as the root cause of constraints to sustainable production and productivity (Headey et al., Citation2014). The eroded soil resulted in infertile soil, low moisture-holding capacity, and a low amount of yield per hectare to be produced (Lebeda et al., Citation2010). Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. Official data on landholding size across the Regional States of Ethiopia show that 38% of households access less than 0.5hectares of land, 23.65% access between 0.51 and 1.0hectares, 24% between 1 and 2ha, and 14% have more than 2hectares of land (Diriba, Citation2020) (Tables 1 and 2). An increase in farm size is also associated with a decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, showing clear benefits for environmental protection (Ren et al., Citation2019). This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, Citation2011b). These are reducing the farmland and increasing displacement of the farming community. image: . This might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development. Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, Citation2017). This is because of the rapid increment of population, change of fertile farmland to construction for the urban dwellers, climate change, decline of available natural resources, inflation of basic needs, young unemployment, political turmoil, and civil conflict (Alemu & Mengistu, Citation2019; FTF (Feed the Future), Citation2018; Simane et al., Citation2016). Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. In many places, small-scale and subsistence farming continues to be replaced by chemical-intensive industrial agriculture. Thus, several efforts to control soil erosion through introduced soil and water conservation measures had been conducted in different time and location in the country. Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) [8] According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. Therefore, emphasizing agriculture in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned. (, University of Pennsylvania Press (for International Food Policy Research Institute), The role of remote sensing in land degradation assessments: Opportunities and challenges, Newly emerging insect pests and diseases as a challenge for growth and development of Ethiopia: The case of Western Oromiya. Weband barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-quarters of total area cultivated and 29 percent of agricultural GDP in 2005/06 (14 Close to 15 million rural farm families are directly depending on Table 3. Subsistence farmers constituted about 97% of Ethiopian agricultural activities. The impacts of the mentioned problems vary across the country, and from place to place. 2 (1971), p. 46. The adverse impact of climate variability varies. This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. An attempt to address the problem of food shortage in moderation of prices and enhancing distribution across a globe in addition to supporting the agricultural productivity through improved technology is becoming part of the solution. Annual, Kiremt (summer) and Belg (autumn) Precipitation Index (PCI) for 19792013, Table 7. Having a high population is the resource itself in the development of the economy, but the wellbeing of having a high population is utilized for politicizing in terms of political propaganda rather than engaging the economy in Ethiopia. WebAgriculture in Ethiopia has come a long way. Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), Citation2018). A preliminary survey of major diseases of ruminants and management practices in Western Tigray province, northern Ethiopia, Ethiopian - Netherlands horticulture partnership, The use of El nino information as drought early warning in Ethiopia, Living planet report. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. Achieving sustainable development and promoting development cooperation, World population prospects: The 2015 revision. It accelerates soil erosion, flooding, and drought. The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. The main purpose of this research was to determine the factors The mean minimum and maximum annual temperature change varied from less than 15C (in the highlands) to above 25C (in the lowlands) of Ethiopia (Kew et al., Citation2017; Regassa et al., Citation2010). The country is known for the regular food shortage that occurred due to droughts, sudden outbreaks of natural disasters, pests, lack of rainfall, and shortage of technological advancement in the past centuries. Put in perspective, Ethiopias key agricultural sector has grown at an annual rate of about 10% over the past decade; much faster than population growth. It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, Citation2020). Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. Challenges 2.1. However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, Citation2018). WebFurthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. This report also indicated that much of the temperature increment happened in the dry and hotspots of the country. Trop Drylands 2: 18-27. Web2.2. Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities. and favorable weather condition for rusts in the highlands of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia. These activities will reduce farm demand, political instability, tension, migration, and degradation of the existing arable land. This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, Citation2017). Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. Mart. This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., Citation2010). More than 85% of the Ethiopian land is degraded to various degrees (Gebreselassie et al., Citation2016). Ethiopia is known as the water tower of East Africa. The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. Table 1. It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., Citation2014; Taddese, Citation2001). This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. Approximately 30 percent of the worlds In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. It is projected that by 2050 the Ethiopia population will be estimated to be 171.8 million by increasing at a rate of 2.5% annually (Bekele & Lakew, Citation2014). A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. The countries of the world are interconnected and a problem of a country obviously becomes a problem of the others in the interconnected world at present than ever. WebAbstract. Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. Rural aging has major implications on the rural labor force in patterns of agricultural production, land tenure, the social organization within communities, and socioeconomic development (FAO, Citation2017). FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Ticks (species of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Boophilus decolaratus, Rhipicephelus evertsi, and Amblyomma variegatum), Tsetse Fly (Glossina pallidipes), Mange (Chorioptes bovis, and Sarcoptes), biting flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (stable Fly)) are vector-borne parasitic diseases of livestock and endoparasites such as helminths (nematodes: Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus (chaerbertia, oesophagostomum), Nematodirus, Bunostomum (hookworm), Toxocara vitulorum, cooperia, Dictyocaulus), estodes: moeniezia genus, cysticercus, Echinococcus granulosus), Trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantic) and Coccidia are directly constrained livestock production in Ethiopia (Diriba, Citation2020; Welay et al., Citation2018; Ministry of Agriculture, Citation2014). farmington, nm daily times obituaries, the vivienne height and weight, Not increase the major problems of agriculture in ethiopia supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive and food! 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