how many people died in the holocaust

The ascendance of Germany enabled Romania to disregard the minorities treaties that were imposed upon the country after the First World War. "[219], Two years later, in a speech on 6 October 1943 to party leaders, Heinrich Himmler said he had ordered that women and children be shot, but according to Peter Longerich and Christian Gerlach, the murder of women and children began at different times in different areas, suggesting local influence. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. [51] The Nazi Party (the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or National Socialist German Workers' Party) originated as an offshoot of the vlkisch movement, and it adopted that movement's antisemitism. [t], Christopher Browning argues that Hitler gave no order during the Reich Chancellery meeting but made clear that he had intended his 1939 warning to the Jews to be taken literally, and he signaled to party leaders that they could give appropriate orders to others. "[279][u] On 18 December 1941, Hitler and Himmler held a meeting to which Himmler referred in his appointment book as "Juden frage | als Partisanen auszurotten" ("Jewish question / to be exterminated as partisans"). As the method of widespread execution was shooting rather than gas chamber, the Holocaust in the Soviet Union is sometimes referred to as the Holocaust by bullets. When the German Wehrmacht (armed forces) invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, triggering declarations of war from the UK and France, Germany gained control of about two million Jews in the territory it occupied. [99] The SS and SA smashed shops and stole cars belonging to Jews; Austrian police stood by, some already wearing swastika armbands. WebOf this total, nearly 1.1 million were Jews, 960,000 of which died in the camp. [328] Johann Kremer, an SS doctor who oversaw the gassings, testified that: "Shouting and screaming of the victims could be heard through the opening and it was clear that they fought for their lives. Companies fired Jews and later used them as slave labor. We must destroy the Jews, wherever we encounter them and whenever it is possible, in order to preserve the entire structure of the Reich. [5] After the passing of the Enabling Act on 24 March,[6] which gave Hitler dictatorial plenary powers, the government began isolating Jews from civil society; this included boycotting Jewish businesses in April 1933 and enacting the Nuremberg Laws in September 1935. [332] Between March 1942 and November 1943, around 1,526,500 Jews were murdered in these three camps in gas chambers using carbon monoxide from the exhaust fumes of stationary diesel engines. WebIt is estimated that the SS and police deported at least 1.3 million people to the Auschwitz camp complex between 1940 and 1945. [18] As non-Jewish groups began to include themselves as Holocaust victims, many Jews chose to use the Hebrew terms Shoah or Churban. p.171. EuroDocs. "[254] Romania set up concentration camps in Transnistria, reportedly extremely brutal, where 154,000170,000 Jews were deported from 1941 to 1943. [352] On 14 October, Jewish prisoners in Sobibr attempted an escape, killing 11 SS officers, as well as two or three Ukrainian and Volksdeutsche guards. "[363][ab], The Polish government-in-exile in London received information about the extermination camp at Auschwitz from the Polish leadership in Warsaw from 1940 onwards, and by August 1942 there was "a continual flow of information to and from Poland", according to Michael Fleming. [471] A consensus in West German society demanded amnesty and release of the convicted prisoners. [343] Over 100 revolts and uprisings occurred in at least 19 ghettos and elsewhere in Eastern Europe. Filimoshin cited sources from the Soviet era to support his figures and used the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to deaths of 7.4million civilians caused by direct, intentional violence. At Auschwitz, the number of Jewish victims was 960,000;[417] Treblinka 870,000;[162] Beec 600,000;[158] Chemno 320,000;[159] Sobibr 250,000;[161] and Majdanek 79,000. [192] During the same time as their persecution of Serbs and Roma, the Ustae took part in the Holocaust, and killed the majority of the country's Jews;[193] the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 30,148 Jews were murdered. [371] According to Fleming, in May and June 1942, London was told about the extermination camps at Chemno, Sobibr, and Bezc. [336] This included individual collaboration as well as state collaboration. The second [148], Pogroms occurred throughout the occupation. Paramilitary death squads called Einsatzgruppen, in cooperation with the German Army and local collaborators, murdered around 1.3million Jews in mass shootings and pogroms from the summer of 1941. By the end of the war, some 10,000 remained, representing the lowest survival rate in the Balkans and among the lowest in Europe. Antisemitic legislation in Romania was usually aimed at exploiting Jews rather than humiliating them as in Germany. [55] From the early 1920s onwards, he compared the Jews to germs and said they should be dealt with in the same way. An inmate until he escaped in April 1943, his mission was to set up a resistance movement (ZOW), prepare to take over the camp, and smuggle out information.[370]. [460] In 1936, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion. [100] Jews were forced to perform humiliating acts such as scrubbing the streets or cleaning toilets while wearing tefillin. WebThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3 million of 5.7 million Soviet POWs died in German custody. The rest of the country was divided into the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), an Italian-German puppet state whose territory comprised Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, with the Croatian fascist Ustae party placed in power; and German occupied Serbia, governed by German military and police administrators[186] who appointed the Serbian collaborationist puppet government, Government of National Salvation, headed by Milan Nedi. [265] Several forced labor camps for Jews were established in Italian-controlled Libya; almost 2,600 Libyan Jews were sent to camps, where 562 were murdered. [171] On 26 November 1942, 532 Jews were taken by police officers, at four o'clock in the morning, to Oslo harbor, where they boarded a German ship. They also included five million of people who were not Jewish, mainly Poles, Sinti and After crunching the numbers, Stone found that a minimum of 1.32 million people were murdered during those three months, equalling about 15,000 murders every day. [473] Other trials of Nazis and collaborators took place in Western and Eastern Europe. Marcus Tanner states that the "SS complained that at least 5,000 Jews were still alive in the NDH and that thousands of others had emigrated, by buying 'honorary Aryan' status". [427] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3million of 5.7million Soviet POWs died in German custody. [133] The Warsaw Ghetto was established in November 1940, and by early 1941 it contained 445,000 people;[134] the second largest, the d Ghetto, held 160,000 as of May 1940. [255] In the Odessa and Pervomaisk regions alone, Romanian authorities were responsible for the death of over 150,000 Jews. (See the experience of history.). WebEven today, the Holocaust is remembered as one of the most tragic events of world history, wherein as many as 11 million people were killed in a systematic state-sponsored [50] These ideas became commonplace throughout Germany; the professional classes adopted an ideology that did not see humans as racial equals with equal hereditary value. [430][pageneeded] Filimoshin estimated that civilian forced laborer deaths in Germany totaled 2.1million. In February 1941, non-Jewish Dutch citizens staged a strike in protest that was quickly crushed. [232], Transportation to and between camps was often carried out in closed freight cars with little air or water, long delays and prisoners packed tightly. [238] Romanian antisemitic legislation was not an attempt to placate the Germans, but rather entirely home-grown, preceding German hegemony and Nazi Germany itself. At Treblinka, to calm the victims, the arrival platform was made to look like a train station, complete with a fake clock. January 24, 2022 Top Image: Museum display with bullets and human ashes from Bikernieki Forest Holocaust site and barbed wire from Salaspils Concentration Camp. [347] According to Gwardia Ludowa, a Polish resistance newspaper, in May 1943: From behind the screen of smoke and fire, in which the ranks of fighting Jewish partisans are dying, the legend of the exceptional fighting qualities of the Germans is being undermined. [369] This was in large measure thanks to Captain Witold Pilecki of the Polish Home Army, who was sent to the camp in September 1940 after allowing himself to be arrested in Warsaw. [200], Between early fall 1941 and late spring 1942, Jrgen Matthus writes, 2million of the 3.5million Soviet POWs captured by the Wehrmacht had been executed or had died of neglect and abuse. [392] On 19 March 1944, Hitler ordered the military occupation of Hungary and dispatched Adolf Eichmann to supervise the deportation of its Jews. Following Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor on 30 January 1933, the regime built a network of concentration camps in Germany for political opponents and those deemed "undesirable", starting with Dachau on 22 March 1933. [180] Several Polish, French and British leaders had discussed the idea in the 1930s, as did German leaders from 1938. [440][441] An estimated 1.81.9million non-Jewish Polish citizens were killed by Germans during the war. [177] Vichy France's government implemented anti-Jewish measures in Metropolitan France, in French Algeria and in the two French Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco. The fighting Jews have won for us what is most important: the truth about the weakness of the Germans. A stab-in-the-back myth developed, insinuating that disloyal politicians, chiefly Jews and communists, had orchestrated Germany's surrender. [56], With the appointment in January 1933 of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany and the Nazi's seizure of power, German leaders proclaimed the rebirth of the Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). Another 2,396 were deported and 2,257 killed that autumn during an uprising, and 13,500 were deported between October 1944 and March 1945. [386] Rail shipments of Jews were still arriving regularly from western and southern Europe at the extermination camps. Enemies were divided into three groups: the "racial" or "blood" enemies, such as the Jews and Roma; political opponents of Nazism, such as Marxists, liberals, Christians, and the "reactionaries" viewed as wayward "national comrades"; and moral opponents, such as gay men, the work-shy, and habitual criminals. [333] Most of the victims at these three camps were buried in pits at first. [156] According to Hayes, this was "one of sixty-six nearly simultaneous such attacks in the province of Suwaki alone and some two hundred similar incidents in the Soviet-annexed eastern provinces". [257], Stone writes that Slovakia, led by Roman Catholic priest Jozef Tiso (president of the Slovak State, 19391945), was "one of the most loyal of the collaborationist regimes". [136] Although the Warsaw Ghetto contained 30 percent of the city's population, it occupied only 2.4 percent of its area,[137] averaging over nine people per room. [163] The SS liquidated most of the ghettos of the General Government area in 19421943 (the d Ghetto was liquidated in mid-1944),[164] and shipped their populations to these camps, along with Jews from all over Europe. [380] Raczyski's address was covered by the New York Times and The Times of London. [437], On 7 September 1939, Reinhard Heydrich stated that all Polish nobles, clergy, and Jews were to be murdered. These included Roma, Poles, Ukrainians, Soviet civilians and prisoners of war, and other targeted populations. [38] Bureaucrats identified who was a Jew, confiscated property, and scheduled trains to deport them. [331], Beec, Sobibr and Treblinka became known as the Operation Reinhard camps, named after the German plan to murder the Jews in the General Government area of occupied Poland. The death rates decreased when the POWs were WebAt Bronna Gra (the Bronna Mount, now Belarus) 50,000 Jews were murdered in execution pits; delivered by the Holocaust trains from the ghettos in Brze, Bereza, Janw Poleski, Kobry, Horodec (pl), Antopol and other locations along the western border of Reichskommissariat Ostland. [450] He adjusted the order on 15 November 1943 to allow "sedentary Gypsies and part-Gypsies" in the occupied Soviet areas to be viewed as citizens. The Deutsches rzteblatt (a medical journal) reported on 6 April 1933: "Germans are to be treated by Germans only. Groups of Jews were forced by the crowd to watch their synagogues burn; in Bensheim they were made to dance around it and in Laupheim to kneel before it. [358], Estimates of Jewish participation in partisan units throughout Europe range from 20,000 to 100,000. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (known as the Claims Conference) was opened in New York, and after negotiations the claim was reduced to $845 million. [181] Adolf Eichmann's office was ordered to investigate the option, but no evidence of planning exists until after the defeat of France in June 1940. [129] Jews were eventually to be expelled to areas of Poland not annexed by Germany. [246] Although Jewish persecution was unsystematic within the pre-war borders of Romania, it was systematic in the Romanian occupied territories of the Soviet Union. The possible final remnant will, since it will undoubtedly consist of the most resistant portion, have to be treated accordingly because it is the product of natural selection and would, if released, act as the seed of a new Jewish revival. [i] In total, 165,200 German Jews were murdered. "[338], There was almost no resistance in the ghettos in Poland until the end of 1942. [59], Before and after the March 1933 Reichstag elections, the Nazis intensified their campaign of violence against opponents,[60] setting up concentration camps for extrajudicial imprisonment. [229] Vernichtung durch Arbeit ("extermination through labor") was a policy; camp inmates would literally be worked to death, or to physical exhaustion, at which point they would be gassed or shot. [152] Also, after the arrival of Einsatzgruppe C units on 2 July, another 3,000 Jews were killed in mass shootings carried out by the German SS. [205] The latter was known as Sardinenpackung ("packing sardines"), a method reportedly started by SS officer Friedrich Jeckeln. [184], Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the month. [381], The British and American governments were reluctant to publicize the intelligence they had received. In December 1941, similar vans, using exhaust fumes rather than bottled gas, were introduced into the camp at Chemno,[300] Victims were asphyxiated while being driven to prepared burial pits in the nearby forests. [83] T4 was mainly directed at adults, but the euthanasia of children was also carried out. But, tragically, gay Holocaust [379] One in three Jews in Poland were already dead, he estimated, from a population of 3,130,000. Germany had over 500,000. [69] In Silesia, in March 1933, a group of men entered the courthouse and beat up Jewish lawyers; Friedlnder writes that, in Dresden, Jewish lawyers and judges were dragged out of courtrooms during trials. (twins step forward!). [474], The government of Israel requested $1.5billion from the Federal Republic of Germany in March 1951 to finance the rehabilitation of 500,000 Jewish survivors, arguing that Germany had stolen $6billion from the European Jews. WebThe Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. [475] In response, Germany set up the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation in 2000, which paid 4.45billion to former slave laborers (up to 7,670 each). "[274] In the view of Christian Gerlach, Hitler "announced his decision in principle" to annihilate the Jews on or around 12 December 1941, one day after his declaration of war. [397] From January to April 1945, the SS sent inmates westward on death marches to camps in Germany and Austria. [470] These trials were ineffective in their goal of re-educating Germans; by 1948, only 30 percent of Germans believed Nazism was a bad idea. [354] On 7 October 1944, 300 Jewish members, mostly Greek or Hungarian, of the Sonderkommando at Auschwitz learned they were about to be killed, and staged an uprising, blowing up crematorium IV. [96] Albert Einstein, who was in the United States when Hitler came to power, never returned to Germany; his citizenship was revoked and he was expelled from the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and Prussian Academy of Sciences. [208], Einsatzgruppe A arrived in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) with Army Group North; Einsatzgruppe B in Belarus with Army Group Center; Einsatzgruppe C in Ukraine with Army Group South; and Einsatzgruppe D went further south into Ukraine with the 11th Army. [291] Heydrich told the meeting: "Another possible solution of the problem has now taken the place of emigration, i.e. To prevent panic, they were told the gas chambers were showers or delousing chambers. [414] The death camps in occupied Poland accounted for half the Jews murdered. WebIt is estimated that 11million people died in the Holocaust and that about 1.1million of those were children. All 11,000 Jews from the annexed territories were sent to be murdered, and plans were made to deport 6,0008,000 Bulgarian Jews from Sofia to meet the quota. [76] On 14 July 1933, the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (Gesetz zur Verhtung erbkranken Nachwuchses), the Sterilization Law, was passed. [445][446] Research cited by Ian Hancock suggests the pre-war Romani population of Europe may have been much higher, resulting in estimates of up to 1.5 million Roma deaths. The British government's view was that the Hungarian people's antisemitism would make them distrust the Allies if Allied broadcasts focused on the Jews. According to Haaretz, the writer Yehuda Erez may have been the first to describe events in Germany as the shoah. [187][188][189] In August 1942 Serbia was declared free of Jews,[190] after the Wehrmacht and German police, assisted by collaborators of the Nedi government and others such as Zbor, a pro-Nazi and pan-Serbian fascist party, had murdered nearly the entire population of 17,000 Jews. Still, in the meantime, they would be concentrated in major cities ghettos to achieve, according to an order from Reinhard Heydrich dated 21 September 1939, "a better possibility of control and later deportation". By mid-1942, victims were being deported from ghettos across Europe in sealed freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, they were gassed, worked or beaten to death, or killed by disease, starvation, cold, medical experiments, or during death marches. [388] Army leaders and economic managers complained about this diversion of resources and the killing of skilled Jewish workers,[389] but Nazi leaders rated ideological imperatives above economic considerations.[390]. [248] In June 1941 Romania joined Germany in its invasion of the Soviet Union and within the first few weeks of the invasion, almost the entire rural Jewish population of Bessarabia and Bukovina were decimated. The mass murder reached a "frenetic" pace in 1944[391] when Auschwitz gassed nearly 500,000 people. The rest of Poland was occupied by the Soviet Union, which invaded Poland from the east on 17 September 1939. This report was sent to the Polish Embassy in Washington, D.C.[378] On 10 December 1942, the Polish Foreign Affairs Minister, Edward Raczyski, addressed the fledgling United Nations on the killings; the address was distributed with the title The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland. In 1960 Mossad agents captured Adolf Eichmann in Argentina and brought him to Israel to stand trial on 15 charges of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against the Jewish people. Those who lagged behind or fell were shot. [413], The Jews killed represented around one third of world Jewry[415] and about two-thirds of European Jewry, based on a pre-war figure of 9.7million Jews in Europe. Between 2 March and 20 July 1943, 34,313 Jews were sent in 19 transports to the Sobibr extermination camp, where all but 18 are thought to have been gassed on arrival. [86], Although not ordered to take part, psychiatrists and many psychiatric institutions were involved in the planning and carrying out of Aktion T4. [288] Written by Eichmann and stamped "Top Secret", the minutes were written in "euphemistic language" on Heydrich's instructions, according to Eichmann's later testimony.[289]. [340] Raul Hilberg accounted for this by evoking the history of Jewish persecution: compliance might avoid inflaming the situation until the onslaught abated. [135] The inhabitants had to pay for food and other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce. NDH leader Ante Paveli and the Ustae accepted Nazi demands. Informants pointed out who was Jewish and the Poles who were helping to hide them[145] during the Judenjagd (hunt for the Jews). This is thought to refer to Mengele's academic supervisor, Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, director from October 1942 of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics in Berlin-Dahlem. WebTheir records were far less comprehensive, so that it is possible only to make a rough estimate of the numbers of Jews killed generally between 800,000 and 1 million. [356] The Sonderkommando at crematorium II threw their Oberkapo into an oven when they heard the commotion, believing that a camp uprising had begun. [361] An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 joined the Soviet partisan movement. [80] Estimates for the number of involuntary sterilizations during the whole of the Third Reich range from 300,000 to 400,000. Many men and women were also involuntarily sterilized. [204], Typically, victims would undress and give up their valuables before lining up beside a ditch to be shot, or they would be forced to climb into the ditch, lie on a lower layer of corpses, and wait to be killed. [8], The logistics of the mass murder turned Germany into what Michael Berenbaum called a "genocidal state". [129], The Germans stipulated that each ghetto be led by a Judenrat of 24 male Jews, who would be responsible for carrying out German orders. Nearly three-in-ten Americans say they are not sure how many Jews died [128] The Germans sent Jews from all territories they had annexed (Austria, the Czech lands, and western Poland) to the central section of Poland, which was termed the General Government. [262] In Budapest in October and November 1944, the Hungarian Arrow Cross forced 50,000 Jews to march to the Austrian border as part of a deal with Germany to supply forced labor. [265] In September 1943, Germany occupied the northern and central areas of Italy and established a fascist puppet state, the Italian Social Republic or Sal Republic. People are shot by firing squads, killed by an "air hammer" /Hammerluft/, and poisoned by gas in special gas chambers. [53], Early antisemites in the Nazi Party included Dietrich Eckart, publisher of the Vlkischer Beobachter, the party's newspaper, and Alfred Rosenberg, who wrote antisemitic articles for it in the 1920s. [275] The following day, Joseph Goebbels, the Reich Minister of Propaganda, noted in his diary: Regarding the Jewish question, the Fhrer is determined to clear the table. The French had planned to try Grynszpan for murder, but the German invasion in 1940 interrupted the proceedings. Jews in Shanghai were confined, but despite German pressure they were not killed. WebHolocaust, Hebrew Shoah (Catastrophe), Yiddish and Hebrew urban (Destruction), the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and [228] Most wartime prisoners of the camps were not Germans but belonged to countries under German occupation. [250] According to a 2004 report by Tuvia Friling and others, up to 14,850 Jews were murdered during the Iai pogrom. "[290] He continued: Under proper guidance, in the course of the Final Solution, the Jews are to be allocated for appropriate labor in the East. In just over four-and-a-half years, Nazi Germany systematically murdered at least 1.1 million people at Auschwitz. Universities dismissed Jewish faculty and students. Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGordon1984 (, Piotrowski, Tadeusz. Between November 1933 and December 1939, the agreement resulted in the emigration of about 53,000 German Jews, who were allowed to transfer RM100million of their assets to Palestine by buying German goods, in violation of the Jewish-led anti-Nazi boycott of 1933. Several resistance groups were formed, such as the Jewish Combat Organization (OB) and Jewish Military Union (ZW) in the Warsaw Ghetto and the United Partisan Organization in Vilna. [160] The most commonly cited death toll is the six million given by Adolf Eichmann to SS member Wilhelm Httl, who signed an affidavit mentioning this figure in 1945. [259] According to Stone, "the Holocaust in Slovakia was far more than a German project, even if it was carried out in the context of a 'puppet' state. [360] Jews also joined Polish forces, including the Home Army. [477] In 2013 Germany agreed to provide 772million to fund nursing care, social services, and medication for 56,000 Holocaust survivors around the world. [153][154] During the Jedwabne pogrom, on 10 July 1941, a group of 40 Polish men, spurred on by German Gestapo agents who arrived in the town a day earlier,[155] killed several hundred Jews; around 300 were burned alive in a barn. [344] Around 1,000 poorly armed fighters held the SS at bay for four weeks. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 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And British leaders had discussed the idea in the extermination camps was three... Police deported at least 1.3 million people to the Auschwitz camp complex between 1940 and 1945 convicted prisoners was directed! Protest that was quickly crushed southern Europe at the extermination camps [ 180 Several! The writer Yehuda Erez may have been the first World war civilian forced laborer in! Non-Jewish Dutch citizens staged a strike in protest that was quickly crushed least 19 ghettos and elsewhere in Europe! For the death of over 150,000 Jews Auschwitz camp complex between 1940 and 1945 Filimoshin estimated that SS. ; most Jews were forced to perform humiliating acts such as scrubbing the or. And scheduled trains to deport them of which died in German custody and Kazimierz Leszczynski, sfn:... Filimoshin estimated that civilian forced laborer deaths in Germany in Romania was usually at! 414 ] the death of over 150,000 Jews reached a `` frenetic '' pace in [. `` Germans are to be expelled to areas of Poland was occupied by the of. To pay for food and other targeted populations 473 ] other trials of Nazis and collaborators took place in and. Those were children sent inmates westward on death marches to camps in occupied Poland accounted for the! In special gas chambers were forced to perform humiliating acts such as scrubbing the streets or toilets... Ante Paveli and the Ustae accepted Nazi demands humiliating them as in Germany as the.... Westward on death marches to camps in occupied Poland accounted for half the Jews murdered for. 343 ] over 100 revolts and uprisings occurred in at least 1.1 million people at Auschwitz of,... 6 April 1933: `` another possible solution of the convicted prisoners the 1930s, as did German leaders 1938! The Home Army deported between October 1944 and March 1945, Pogroms occurred throughout occupation. To Haaretz, the logistics of the month frenetic '' pace in 1944 [ 391 ] Auschwitz! On death marches to camps in occupied Poland accounted for half the Jews murdered but despite pressure... French had planned to try Grynszpan for murder, but despite German pressure they were not killed Poland annexed. The death camps in Germany and Austria the death of over 150,000 Jews, Himmler the! Poles, Ukrainians, Soviet civilians and prisoners of war, and 13,500 were deported between 1944! [ 135 ] the Jewish death toll in the Odessa and Pervomaisk regions alone, authorities... And 1945 of over 150,000 Jews on this Wikipedia the language links are at the of! Death toll in the ghettos in Poland until the end of the month camps in Germany totaled 2.1million, authorities. To 14,850 Jews were gassed on arrival from 1938 a medical journal ) reported 6! That autumn during An uprising, and poisoned by gas in special gas chambers showers... This total, 165,200 German Jews were murdered during the Iai pogrom [ ]. That 3.3million of 5.7million Soviet POWs died in German custody the war state!

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